{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:06:25Z","timestamp":1789182385132,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments\u2010Tropics"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments\u2010Tropics"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) acts as a fertiliser for photosynthesis, driving an increase in gross primary production (GPP). However, it is unclear how effectively increased GPP propagates along the \u2018carbon (C) cascade\u2019 to increase net primary production (NPP) and vegetation C stocks (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>veg<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in different plant compartments. Vegetation models were criticised for being overly sensitive to photosynthesis (source\u2010driven), neglecting sink\u2010driven processes which may attenuate (or amplify) changes in NPP and vegetation C stocks. Here, we introduce an analytical framework to diagnose linearity (\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as ratios of relative changes in linked fluxes and pools. We then apply this framework to 16 models of the TRENDY v11 ensemble and to observation\u2010based estimates of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sensitivities. We found widely varying global patterns in\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    across models. Six models showed a majority of grid cells with larger relative changes in NPP than in GPP (\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NPP:GPP<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt;\u20091 for &gt;\u200960% of gridcells), indicating increased vegetation carbon use efficiency under eCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Only three models had\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NPP:GPP<\/jats:sub>\n                    &lt;\u20091 for &gt;\u200960% of gridcells. Four models showed a majority of gridcells with larger relative changes in estimated steady\u2010state\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>veg<\/jats:sub>\n                    than in NPP, while five models showed the opposite\u2014in both cases with a large spread of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>Cveg*:NPP<\/jats:sub>\n                    across grid cells within models. Observations\u2010based analysis reveals median\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>Cveg*:NPP<\/jats:sub>\n                    &lt;\u20091 overall but evidence is insufficient for a conclusion. Three models showed a larger relative increase in root C than in\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>veg<\/jats:sub>\n                    , (\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>Croot:Cveg<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt;\u20091) while five models showed the opposite. Most field evidence shows\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>Croot:Cveg<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt;\u20091. Widely differing distributions of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    among models and links in the C cascade reveal a strong influence of nonlinear behaviour in individual models. However, due to the spread in\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    , across the whole models ensemble,\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    deviations from 1 were roughly balanced, leading to an overall linear behaviour of terrestrial C cycle representations in the multi\u2010model\u2010mean.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T14:26:24Z","timestamp":1785075984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosing Linearity Along the Carbon Cascade in Terrestrial Biosphere Models and Observations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanyuan","family":"Zhang\u2010Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Geoscience Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek K.","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Environment and Climate Change Canada  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5459-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Anthoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research\/Atmospheric Environmental Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology  Garmisch\u2010Partenkirchen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6242-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A. M.","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University  Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Birmingham Institute of Forest Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul K.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate, Meteorology, and Atmospheric Sciences (CLiMAS) University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino\u2010French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University  Beijing 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