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European beech (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) forests are particularly sensitive to thermal extremes. Given their wide distribution, responses to heatwaves are not uniform, and it remains unclear how sensitivity varies at the continental scale. This study aims to quantify how summer disruptive heatwaves (dHWs) reshape phenological dynamics in European beech\u2010dominated forests (BDFs) over 2003\u20132023 across four major biogeographical regions: Alpine, Atlantic, Continental and Mediterranean. By combining remotely sensed vegetation time series with machine\u2010learning and anomaly detection approaches, we specifically (i) identified the occurrence of summer dHWs across European BDFs; (ii) quantified the impacts of dHWs both on summer canopy functioning (short\u2010term effect) and on autumn senescence phenology (lagged effect), and (iii) evaluated these phenological responses under different dHW intensity levels. Results revealed that dHWs in BDFs consistently reduced summer canopy greenness and advanced autumn senescence, with distinct regional patterns. The most pronounced dHW impacts were observed in Continental and Atlantic regions. Graded, intensity\u2010dependent responses emerged in Atlantic, Continental and Alpine regions, with the latter showing a comparatively buffered response, likely due to a cooler climate baseline and shorter vegetative phase. By contrast, the Mediterranean region exhibited a threshold\u2010type response, reflecting adaptation mechanisms of southern\u2010edge populations under already limiting summer conditions. Late\u2010summer and early\u2010autumn emerged as the most sensitive time windows for dHW\u2010induced phenological shifts, with temporal patterns varying along the European BDF climatic gradient. Together, these results demonstrate that dHWs drive both immediate and legacy impacts on forest vegetative dynamics, reducing seasonal productivity and advancing the end of the growing season, with intensity effects modulated by regional climate and baseline phenology. Our findings underscore the need for region\u2010specific strategies to safeguard forest ecosystems as disruptive heatwaves continue to intensify.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:08:57Z","timestamp":1784531337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biogeography of Stress: Graded and Threshold Phenological Responses in European Beech\u2010Dominated Forests Under Disruptive Heatwaves"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cesaretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Forestry and Wood Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA)  Italy"},{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA) Sapienza University of 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