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However, the response of soil carbon release to FTCs and its determinants at the regional scale remain unclear due to the lack of direct experimental evidence. Here, based on topsoil samples along a 1000\u2010km transect across the Tibetan permafrost region, we conducted a freeze\u2013thaw microcosm experiment (5\u2009cycles of 1\u2010day freezing and 3\u2010day thawing) to investigate patterns and predictors of FTC\u2010induced soil carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) release. The results revealed that FTCs significantly increased soil CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release by 20%\u2009\u00b1\u20092% relative to the thaw\u2010only control across all cycles. This response was primarily driven by soil carbon availability rather than microbial properties. Soils with higher carbon availability, as indicated by initially (prior to FTCs) larger soil organic carbon content and less mineral\u2010protected carbon, as well as greater post\u2010thaw increases in dissolved organic carbon, released more CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    under FTCs. Such an effect of carbon availability was further confirmed at the global scale. Although FTCs altered the microbial community composition, notably leading to an increase in the proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010strategists, microbial properties played a minor role in influencing the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release. These results demonstrate the crucial role of soil carbon availability in affecting responses of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release to FTCs, highlighting the need for models to explicitly characterize pulsed CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release associated with substrate availability to better predict permafrost carbon\u2010climate feedback.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:59:26Z","timestamp":1783411166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Responses of Soil Carbon Release to Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycles Mediated by Carbon Availability at Regional and Global Scales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8208-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuqi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-4858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8390-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luyao","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5399-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Forage Breeding\u2010by\u2010Design and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038\u20100717(03)00154\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.14124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.2024.\u201cMuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference.\u201dR Package Version 1.48.4.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Circum\u2010Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground\u2010Ice Conditions, Version 2","author":"Brown 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