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However, current global land models rarely include explicit representations of microbial\u2010driven phosphorus cycling, which is critical in highly weathered tropical soils. Here, we use the QUINCY land surface model coupled with the microbial\u2010explicit Jena Soil Model (JSM) to simulate coupled carbon\u2013nutrient dynamics in Amazon forests along a natural gradient in soil phosphorus availability (40\u2013312\u2009g P m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The model reproduced observed patterns of increasing wood production with soil phosphorus and identified a threshold of ~80\u2009g P m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the topsoil below which plants experienced phosphorus limitation, shifting carbon allocation belowground and reducing foliar nitrogen\u2009:\u2009phosphorus ratios. Across all sites, microbial mineralization of organic phosphorus supplied the greatest share of soil solution phosphorus, with stronger reliance on organic phosphorus cycling in low\u2010phosphorus sites. The observed rise in atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    between 1901 and 2019 increased simulated plant and soil carbon stocks by 23.3% and 1.5%, respectively. However, forests on low\u2010phosphorus soils accumulated 40% less additional plant carbon under iCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    than forests on high\u2010phosphorus sites. CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    stimulated greater fine\u2010root carbon growth (+29.5%) and higher biochemical phosphorus mineralization (+24.5%) in low\u2010phosphorus sites. These responses increased reliance on organic phosphorus cycling and depleted mineral\u2010associated organic phosphorus pools. In contrast, phosphorus demand in high\u2010phosphorus forests was largely met by inorganic soil phosphorus pools. Across the gradient, phosphorus turnover increased and phosphorus was reallocated from slow\u2010turnover soil pools into living biomass, with the strongest shifts in low\u2010phosphorus sites. Together, these responses indicate emerging progressive phosphorus limitation under iCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , characterized by increased belowground carbon allocation, greater reliance on organic phosphorus cycling, and increasing pressure on organic phosphorus pools through enhanced turnover that may not be sustained over time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1784534487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulated\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Fertilization Drives Progressive Phosphorus Limitation via Accelerated Organic Cycling in Amazonian Forests"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Ecology, Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Biogeochemical Signals Department Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Biogeochemistry  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogeochemical Signals Department Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Biogeochemistry  Jena Germany"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences Hamburg University  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Fuchslueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Sciences University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Amazonian Research  Manaus Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6nke","family":"Zaehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogeochemical Signals Department Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Biogeochemistry  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-2759-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51857-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.13069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.16.110185.002051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot\u00eda S. C. Q.Dias\u2010Junior S.Komiya et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cReduced Vegetation Uptake During the Extreme 2023 Drought Turns the Amazon Into a Weak Carbon Source.\u201d","DOI":"10.22541\/essoar.173757133.37080321\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022MS003204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-2255-2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302768110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-002-0202-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"pei3.10010","article-title":"Fine\u2010Root Dynamics Vary With Soil Depth and Precipitation in a Low\u2010Nutrient Tropical Forest in the Central Amazonia","volume":"1","author":"Cordeiro A. 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