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We combined a global dataset with high\u2010resolution field observations to quantify the contribution of litter\u2010derived soil respiration (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) using litter\u2010input and litter\u2010removal experiments, and to project its current distribution and future dynamics with machine\u2010learning models. On average, litter\u2010derived\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    accounted for 30.9% of total\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Higher contributions were estimated for experiments of shorter duration, highlighting the important role of fast\u2010cycling C alongside soil organic matter turnover. Litter\u2010derived\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    varied substantially among ecosystems (grasslands &gt; croplands &gt; forests &gt; wetlands) but did not differ significantly between tropical and temperate climates. Land surface slope exerted a stronger control than climatic or edaphic factors across both mountain and non\u2010mountain regions, suggesting a pronounced topographic regulation. High\u2010frequency field measurements further confirmed this pattern, with litter\u2010derived\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    at mountain ridges being 1.5 times that in valleys. Global projections indicated a higher litter\u2010derived\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    at low latitudes and greater vulnerability in cold climates under SSP 1\u20132.6 and SSP 5\u20138.5 scenarios. These findings demonstrate that litter decomposition is a substantial source of soil CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux that is strongly controlled by terrain. Accounting for this CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pathway improves our understanding of how landscape heterogeneity influences terrestrial C cycle and enhances future predictions of ecosystem responses to climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:47:03Z","timestamp":1785228423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Topography Dependence of Terrestrial Litter\u2010Derived Soil Respiration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Siyi","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Fujian 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