{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:53:18Z","timestamp":1791006798112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["951288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["235221301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["235221301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding how heterogeneous landscapes contribute to ecosystem\u2010exchange fluxes remains a significant challenge for utilizing eddy covariance (EC) measurements. This work presents FLUGS, a novel framework that infers land\u2010cover\u2010specific ecosystem\u2010exchange fluxes provided the EC time series of aggregated fluxes and the land cover map of the ecosystem. Using a multitask machine learning approach based on Kernel Ridge Regression combined with high\u2010resolution flux footprints, FLUGS learns the environmental response functions (ERFs) from EC data for each land cover class simultaneously. FLUGS integrates a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art atmospheric transport model that provides accurate, computationally efficient footprint estimates with a statistically rigorous, convex optimization method for submeso\u2010scale flux inversion. The approach is versatile, robust to multicollinearity and yields smooth and interpretable ERFs with a unique global optimum. We evaluate FLUGS using virtual and physical experiments derived from synthetic data and observational data from an EC site in Northeast Siberia. Across all tests, the framework accurately reconstructs land\u2010cover\u2010specific sensible heat and  fluxes and captures systematic differences between land cover classes that reflect local hydrological and ecological conditions. FLUGS also provides statistical performance metrics and cross\u2010tower consistency diagnostics that quantify uncertainty in heterogeneous landscapes. By offering a fast, transparent workflow for spatially decomposing ecosystem fluxes, FLUGS opens new opportunities to attribute EC fluxes to ecological processes, benchmark land\u2010surface models and improve our understanding of land\u2010atmosphere interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:07:25Z","timestamp":1787828845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Decomposition of Eddy Covariance Fluxes: The\n                    <scp>FLUGS<\/scp>\n                    Framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Schlutow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biogeochemical Signals Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry  Jena Thuringia Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"G\u00f6ckede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biogeochemical Signals Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry  Jena Thuringia Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45528-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704\u2010014\u20101124\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u20105\u2010433\u20102008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/tc\u201011\u20102975\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14744"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201013\u20105315\u20102016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018MS001583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201010\u20102193\u20102013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201023\u20101719\u20102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201015\u20103161\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL109283"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JG006977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201015\u20102481\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201010\u20101337\u20102013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"Schlutow M. andR.Chew.2025a.\u201cBLDFM: The Boundary Layer Dispersion and Footprint Model.\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15487244."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlutow M. andR.Chew.2025b.Datasets for \u201cFLUGS: Spatial Decomposition of Eddy Covariance Fluxes.\u201dhttps:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/17733779.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.176800032.22523770\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlutow M. andR.Chew.2025c.\u201cFLUGS: Software Package for Spatial Decomposition of Eddy Covariance Fluxes.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17733284.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.176800032.22523770\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201019\u20106259\u20102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD040794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3\u20104.591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201012\u20104781\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201016\u2010255\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024\u20103795(99)00187\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JG000093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt\u201018\u20106917\u20102025"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71031","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gcb.71031","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:06:28Z","timestamp":1791003988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.71031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.71031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.71031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71031"}}