{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:52:59Z","timestamp":1791006779324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2320976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2320976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2048423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2048423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2213625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2213625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wildland fire smoke and ash are pervasive and a significant source of particulate matter to the atmosphere. In addition to effects on air quality, wildland smoke and ash deposit to ecosystems via dry (particulate) and wet (precipitation) deposition. Here we combine remotely sensed smoke polygon data with rainfall and weekly wet deposition data from &gt;\u2009250 U.S. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites to quantify wildland smoke influence on wet ion deposition during 2014, 2020, and 2022. Combined records of daily smoke and rain indicate that sites experienced 21 smoke\u2010rain days (when smoke and rainfall co\u2010occur), on average, in 2022 compared to 4\u2009days in 2014 and 6\u2009days in 2020. The number of smoke\u2010rain days and their spatial distribution were driven more by variation in smoke than rain occurrence. Across 16 climate regions, the Upper Midwest was a persistent hotspot for smoke\u2010rain days in all 3\u2009years. Mixed effects models estimating site\u2010level impacts of smoke\u2010rain on a weekly basis showed that smoke\u2010rain days had significant positive effects on wet deposition of all nine ions evaluated. Orthophosphate (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 46%), potassium (K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 41%), and ammonium (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 36%) deposition were most enhanced compared to non\u2010smoke\u2010rain days. The magnitude of these effects varied by region. With each additional smoke\u2010rain day, weekly wet NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    deposition increased by 100%\u2013220% in Alaska &amp; the Arctic, Northwest, and West regions, whereas PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    deposition increased ~100% in the Northeast. Based on modeled estimates, smoke\u2010rain days contributed ~20%\u201330% of annual wet NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    deposition in 2022. Further, molar N:P ratios of wet deposition were higher at 76% of NADP sites during weeks with versus without smoke\u2010rain. Our results demonstrate that smoke\u2010affected wet deposition can deliver biologically important nutrients to ecosystems, which may be leading to fire\u2010fertilizing of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:03:07Z","timestamp":1787644987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smoke\u2010Affected Rain Fertilizes Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2908-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra G.","family":"Ponette\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Utah University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of City &amp; Metropolitan Planning University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice","family":"Brahney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center Utah State University  Logan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather A.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryn","family":"Spielvogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen C.","family":"Weathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies  Millbrook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190609111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201025428\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010016\u20100058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB003158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Brahney J.2019.\u201cEstimating Total and Bioavailable Nutrient Loading to Utah Lake From the Atmosphere.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.15142\/em0e\u2010tt24."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2013.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp\u201018\u20101745\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011048118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010026\u201003279\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Chandra S. F.Scordo E.Suenaga et\u00a0al.2022.\u201cImpacts of Smoke\u2010Ash From the 2021 Wildfires to the Ecology of Lake Tahoe.\u201d Tahoe Science Council.https:\/\/www.tahoesciencecouncil.org\/_files\/ugd\/c115bf_0ea7a6ff5ca4456f8ffc7a45da1fc578.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL112396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childs M. L. M.Martins A. J.Wilson S.Heft\u2010Neal M.Qiu andM.Burke.2025.\u201cGrowing Wildfire\u2010Derived PM2.5Across the Contiguous U.S. and Implications for Air Quality Regulation.\u201d EarthArXiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31223\/X57H95.","DOI":"10.31223\/X57H95"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010024\u201002452\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010024\u201001732\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201068176\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD042579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0111683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2024.121882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020RG000726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl5889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"Regional and National Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Temperature Weighted by Area, 1895\u20131983","author":"Karl T. 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