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Restoration approaches range from natural regeneration to intensive tree planting, but few studies have compared aboveground biomass (AGB) stocks over decadal time scales across multiple restoration treatments implemented at the same sites. Here we leverage data from a two\u2010decade restoration experiment in southern Costa Rica; in 2004\u20132006, we established restoration plots representing a gradient of intervention intensity: natural regeneration (no planting), applied nucleation (planting tree clusters), and plantation (full planting). We compare 18\u201320\u2009years of AGB across treatments of the four planted tree species and naturally recruited trees. We also examine the relationships between AGB pools and structural metrics derived from UAV\u2010borne LiDAR data collected after 16\u201318\u2009years. Because most AGB was in planted trees, AGB was about 6.5 times greater in plantations compared to natural regeneration, and double in plantations compared to applied nucleation after two decades, despite substantial mortality of planted trees. However, the plantation treatment suppressed naturally recruited AGB and accumulated only half the amount of the natural regeneration treatment. Natural recruits comprised four times the proportion of AGB in applied nucleation compared to plantation. LiDAR\u2010quantified LAI was more tightly correlated with total AGB in natural regeneration plots, whereas canopy height was more strongly correlated with planted biomass in plantation and applied nucleation. Our results highlight that tree planting accelerates AGB accumulation at degraded sites and illustrate that practitioners should select species with complementary life history strategies that enable carbon to be sequestered beyond the first decade. Given the tradeoff between planted tree biomass and naturally recruited biomass, spatially patterned methods that plant fewer trees may better balance restoration goals beyond carbon accumulation, leading to more structurally and biologically diverse reforested systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T09:25:15Z","timestamp":1786958715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aboveground Biomass Accumulation Over Two Decades Across a Gradient of Tropical Forest Restoration Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis H.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies University of California, Santa Cruz  Santa Cruz California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakan A.","family":"Zahawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles Darwin Research Station Charles Darwin Foundation  Puerto Ayora Gal\u00e1pagos Ecuador"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leland K.","family":"Werden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Zarges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Nature Conservation Northwest German Forest Research Institute  Hann. M\u00fcnden Germany"},{"name":"Department for Forest Nature Conservation University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0687-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Pinheiro","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, \u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Piracicaba S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica M. Almeyda","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Conservation (SPEC) Lab, Center for Latin American Studies University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eben N.","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Conservation (SPEC) Lab, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Abel","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Las Cruces Biological Station Organization for Tropical Studies  San Vito de Coto Brus Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen D.","family":"Holl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies University of California, Santa Cruz  Santa Cruz California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358\u2010025\u201000032\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526\u2010100X.2011.00839.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Broadbent E. 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