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Using the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment in northern Minnesota, we measured bud cold hardiness across four dormant seasons (2021\u20132025). There, a boreal peatland community was exposed to continuous active whole ecosystem warming across five levels (+0.00\u00b0C to +9.00\u00b0C) combined with atmospheric and elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (+500\u2009ppm) in open\u2010top chambers. Cold hardiness of two overstory (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Larix laricina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Picea mariana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and two understory (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Chamaedaphne calyculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rhododendron groenlandicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) species was evaluated semi\u2010regularly throughout seasons. Both understory and overstory species gained cold hardiness (acclimated) at warmer temperatures in the fall than those causing deacclimation in the spring, demonstrating different temperature responsiveness phases across the dormant season. Based on cold hardiness sensitivity, warming did not alter maximum midwinter cold hardiness (sensitivity~0\u00b0C change in cold hardiness\/\u00b0C of warming) but delayed fall acclimation and, most importantly, accelerated spring deacclimation (sensitivity &gt;\u20090\u00b0C). These changes resulted in increased cold damage risk in late winter and spring with warming (sensitivity &gt;\u20091\u00b0C\/\u00b0C) for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. laricina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. calyculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. groenlandicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Among overstory species, the deciduous\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. laricina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was more sensitive to warming than the evergreen\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. mariana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , indicating warming may disadvantage acquisitive species. For understory shrubs, reduced snow cover in the warmest enclosures that removed the insulating buffer and exposed buds to temperatures colder than in control plots associated with the high sensitivity of these species resulted in observed midwinter bud mortality with warming. Rather than uniformly changing cold damage risk, warming decreases risk of cold damage in fall and early winter for all species, but increases risk in late winter and spring for most species, suggesting species\u2010specific cold hardiness dynamics and snow\u2010driven microclimate may result in boreal forest composition changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:31:22Z","timestamp":1787808682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warming Reduces Cold Hardiness of Boreal Plants but Damage Risk Varies by Species and Season"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Campos\u2010Arguedas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9741-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Kirchhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5981-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0233-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Guilliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7293-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3287-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al P.","family":"Kovaleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02860300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201027893\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/26.7.875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102486.2008.01689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102745.2009.01554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JG007839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Campos\u2010Arguedas F. 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