{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:58:28Z","timestamp":1790405908602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42521001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42521001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42471108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42471108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF0801303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0801303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intensifying droughts are increasingly pushing ecosystems beyond functional thresholds, threatening carbon uptake, biodiversity, and ecosystem resilience. However, the dominant drivers and spatiotemporal patterns of ecological droughts remain poorly understood. Here, we develop an impact\u2010based optimality framework to identify ecological droughts, quantify their impacts on ecosystem photosynthesis, and assess the relative roles of soil and atmospheric dryness using an ensemble of global observation\u2010constrained datasets. We find that 52% of land areas experience ecological droughts driven by compound soil and atmospheric dryness, contributing 55% of global drought\u2010induced carbon losses. In contrast, other regions are dominated by soil or atmospheric drought alone. Notably, compound drought regions account for the majority of global increases in ecological drought frequency (57%), intensity (64%), and carbon losses (63%) over the past four decades. Our findings highlight the growing importance of compound ecological droughts in shaping ecosystem vulnerability, threatening the stability of terrestrial carbon sinks, and potentially amplifying carbon\u2010climate feedbacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:27:39Z","timestamp":1790137659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Escalating Ecological Droughts Driven by Compound Soil and Atmospheric Dryness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bofu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Built Environment Griffith University  Nathan Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREAF  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF\u2010CSIC\u2010UAB  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Ciais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA\u2010CNRS\u2010UVSQ Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay  Gif\u2010sur\u2010Yvette France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongshuo H.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino\u2010French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Disaster Risk Reduction, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco\u2010Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010023\u201000457\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100539\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.2001.00668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20103040.2003.00975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado4245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T. andC.Guestrin.2016.\u201cXGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.\u201dProceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 785\u2013794.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939672.2939785.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201045957\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201022314\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100240\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS\u2010D\u201016\u20100292.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221\u2010024\u201000217\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712381114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF003019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859\u2010017\u20101863\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201028652\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100848\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003325\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2024.114282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201024016\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201017\u20101343\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561\u2010023\u201001351\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf5041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010020\u20101217\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010022\u201001584\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010021\u201000144\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010025\u201002024\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201018631\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201010\u20101903\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010022\u201000272\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JG008179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess\u201015\u2010453\u20102011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010020\u201000555\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201021\u20105079\u20102024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372666a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597\u2010020\u20100534\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103040.2010.02234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","volume-title":"JSBACH 3\u2014The Land Component of the MPI Earth System Model: Documentation of Version 3.2","author":"Reick C. H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612\u2010024\u201000571\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561\u2010023\u201001125\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247\u2010025\u201002145\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010023\u201000514\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","unstructured":"Warm Winter 2020 Team andICOS Ecosystem Thematic Centre.2022.\u201cWarm Winter 2020 Ecosystem Eddy Covariance Flux Product for 73 Stations in FLUXNET\u2010Archive Format\u2014Release 2022\u20131 [Dataset].\u201dICOS Carbon Portal.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18160\/2G60\u2010ZHAK."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","volume-title":"The Nature and Properties of Soils","author":"Weil R. R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010026\u201072549\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893\u2010022\u201001024\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70541"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010025\u201000726\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010022\u201001278\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd\u201012\u20102725\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904955116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010025\u201002428\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GB005733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.132799"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gcb.71102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:04:17Z","timestamp":1790402657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.71102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.71102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.71102","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71102"}}