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Unlike typical recovery indices derived from data on experimental\u2010control comparisons, RD further considers the target (reference) biodiversity level, modelling the rate at which it is approached over time. However, the application of the RD approach to active restoration has not been explicitly implemented to date. Here, we extend the RD framework to evaluate active ecological restoration in agricultural systems, defining the onset of recovery as the shift from intensive to wildlife\u2010friendly management. We applied this approach to assess short\u2010term pollinator recovery in 14 olive groves across a gradient of farming intensification and landscape complexity in southern Spain. Restoration actions included adopting low\u2010intensity ground cover management and actively restoring field margins. At 1, 3 and 5\u2009years post\u2010restoration, we assessed community responses by quantifying bee abundance, species richness, plant\u2013bee network properties and flower visitation rates. Reference systems were defined by olive groves in complex landscapes with low\u2010intensity herb cover management and organic farming practices. Following restoration, the RD of bee abundance decreased from 71% to 55%. We found no significant effects of pre\u2010intervention agricultural management on RD. Instead, across sites, the reduction of the RD (i.e., recovery) of bee abundance, richness, network connectance and flower visitation rate was strongly mediated by the availability of high\u2010quality semi\u2010natural areas in the surrounding landscape and by the ecological contrast created by restoration interventions at both the farm and floral patch levels. RD for other network metrics showed no significant pattern of variation. Our study demonstrates that wildlife\u2010friendly management and targeted habitat restoration can rapidly reduce recovery debt for bee abundance and function in permanent agroecosystems. However, the recovery of more complex interaction\u2010network properties likely requires longer timescales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:00:58Z","timestamp":1789621258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Pollinator Community Recovery in Restored Agroecosystems Using the Recovery Debt Framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domingo","family":"Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Animal, Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda Universidad de Ja\u00e9n  Ja\u00e9n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio J.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Animal, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEO\/BirdLife, Oficina del LIFE Olivares Vivos, GEOLIT  Meng\u00edbar Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEO\/BirdLife, Oficina del LIFE Olivares Vivos, GEOLIT  Meng\u00edbar Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio M.","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Animal, Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda Universidad de Ja\u00e9n  Ja\u00e9n Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n del Sistema Tierra de Andaluc\u00eda Sede de la Universidad de Ja\u00e9n  Ja\u00e9n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro 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