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Yet phenological research has largely focused on discrete events, often overlooking the continuous and seasonally connected nature of vegetation development. Here, we synthesize recent evidence into a cross\u2010season framework in which spring (start of the growing season), peak (timing of maximum greenness\/photosynthetic capacity), and autumn (end of the growing season) phenology are treated as dynamically linked phases. Within this framework, spring phenology is governed by chilling\u2010forcing dynamics, which are modulated by contemporary environmental cues, previous\u2010year autumn phenology, and resource status. Peak phenology is primarily driven by early\u2010season development and carbon uptake, both of which are influenced by spring phenology and temperature. Autumn phenology integrates\u00a0late\u2010season environmental conditions with legacies of earlier\u00a0development, mediated by carbon source\u2010sink balance and water and nutrient availability. Across these phases, the evidence points to reciprocal coupling between phenology, carbon uptake, and developmental processes: phenological shifts reshape the seasonal trajectory of productivity and growth, and the resulting carbon dynamics feedback to regulate subsequent developmental transitions. This seasonally integrated perspective provides a mechanistic basis for predicting how non\u2010linear, season\u2010specific climate change will reorganize the terrestrial carbon cycle, and calls for phenology models that explicitly represent cross\u2010season linkages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:18:24Z","timestamp":1790839104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vegetation Phenology Shifts Under Climate Change: Cross\u2010Season Mechanisms and Consequences for Ecosystem Productivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8311-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zunchi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University  Beijing 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Neutrality, Sino\u2010French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7215-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Ecology Unit, CREAF\u2010CSIC\u2010UAB CSIC  Bellaterra Spain"},{"name":"CREAF Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongshuo H.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Antwerp  Antwerpen 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