{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:58:28Z","timestamp":1790405908032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sustainable residue management underpins agricultural productivity and climate resilience. Direct straw return (DSR) is widely adopted to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and fertility, yet its long\u2010term sustainability remains uncertain due to trade\u2010offs between C sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. By synthesizing 375 studies across China, we evaluate DSR's long\u2010term impacts on SOC, crop yield, and net carbon benefits (NCB) and propose an integrated strategy (DSR\u2010C) combining optimized tillage, nitrogen reduction, and microbial inoculation. Model\u2010simulated dynamics show that SOC accumulation and yield gains plateau over time, whereas the national\u2010scale NCB eventually turns negative due to persistent GHG emissions. Pareto optimization reveals an optimal trade\u2010off threshold (Knee point) at 1.4\u20135.5\u2009years across regions. Significant regional heterogeneity governs these dynamics: upland wheat\/maize systems sustain positive NCB for 6.4 to over 50\u2009years, whereas rice\u2010dominated regions require temporal limits (1.6\u20133.5\u2009years) to prevent transitioning from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source. Beyond these critical windows, yield increments stagnate while ecological trade\u2010offs intensify. By highlighting the dynamic, transient nature of agricultural carbon sinks, these findings provide a quantitative blueprint for region\u2010specific adaptive residue management, offering broad global relevance for scaling climate\u2010smart agriculture and accelerating decarbonization under future global change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:25Z","timestamp":1790139985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Sustainability of Direct Straw Return Challenged by Soil Carbon Saturation and Emission Trade\u2010Offs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4019-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oene","family":"Oenema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Environmental Research Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen the\u00a0Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102389.1973.tb00737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201057355\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201005678\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Meta\u2010Analysis Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guzzo R. A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201015\u20101933\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2023.105861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2024.116802"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau9038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2019.1583330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2023.103722"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jia.2025.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China.2008.\u201cRules for Soil Quality Survey and Assessment.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China.2014.\u201cCommunique on the Quality Grades of Cropland in China.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China.2022.\u201cReport on the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw in China.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"China Statistical Yearbook","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19674\/j.cnki.issn1000\u20106923.20251217.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"Standardization Administration of China.2016.\u201cCultivated Land Quality Grade.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533\u2010007\u20109140\u2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374\u2010016\u20101114\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729\u2010022\u201001021\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016\u2010023\u201000694\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7621\/cjarrp.1005\u20109121.20230401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13758\/j.cnki.tr.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2024.109937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700292114"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71120","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gcb.71120","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:05:03Z","timestamp":1790402703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.71120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.71120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.71120","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71120"}}