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However, the long\u2010term impacts of different restoration approaches, namely natural succession and reforestation, on the recovery of belowground food web function and energy fluxes remain poorly understood, despite the key role of decomposer food webs in the whole ecosystem. Here, we quantified energy fluxes in soil food webs across microfauna (nematodes) and macrofauna (microarthropods, earthworms) in 30\u201380\u2010year\u2010old sites under natural succession and reforestation, using a space\u2010for\u2010time substitution approach in southwestern China. We aimed to disentangle how natural succession and reforestation shape belowground energy fluxes and the community maintenance cost associated with sustaining soil animal biomass and biodiversity. We hypothesised that natural succession would be associated with lower maintenance costs than reforestation, while both approaches would follow similar trajectories of energy channelling underpinning belowground ecosystem functioning. Consistent with this hypothesis, natural succession had higher soil animal biodiversity (+50%) and biomass (+112%), while reducing community maintenance costs per unit biomass and biodiversity by 117% and 61%, respectively, compared to reforestation. The two restoration approaches showed divergent energy channelling over time: reforestation increased flux to higher trophic levels (a 5\u2010fold increase in predation\u2010to\u2010basal consumption ratio, approaching natural forest) and shifted from detritivory\u2010 (brown) to herbivory\u2010dominated (green) pathways, whereas natural succession enhanced fungal channels and faeces production with little change in predation or green\u2013brown balance. We further found that reforestation increased energy flux primarily through greater litter biomass, whereas in natural succession, the increase was associated with litter quality and abiotic soil conditions. Overall, our findings highlight that natural succession, compared with reforestation, sustains soil communities at lower energetic costs and maintains belowground ecosystem functioning through more balanced and efficient energy fluxes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:08:26Z","timestamp":1790338106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contrasting Energetic Pathways and Successional Trajectories of Soil Food Webs in Natural Succession and Reforestation\u2010Based Restoration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1174-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province &amp; Maoxian Mountain Ecosystem Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Soil Zoology Senckenberg Museum of Natural History G\u00f6rlitz  G\u00f6rlitz Germany"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengwei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province &amp; Maoxian Mountain Ecosystem Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Frouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry Biology Centre CAS  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1032-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province &amp; Maoxian Mountain Ecosystem Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3427-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute Chinese Academy of Forestry  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7397-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mountain Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province &amp; Maoxian Mountain Ecosystem Research Station, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4456-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton M.","family":"Potapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Zoology Senckenberg Museum of Natural History G\u00f6rlitz  G\u00f6rlitz Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"International Institute Zittau TUD Dresden University of Technology  Zittau Germany"},{"name":"Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312213111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201054401\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.14241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304663120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2019.103460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038\u20100717(99)00016\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb6603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102435.14720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010019\u20100899\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03\u20109000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010020\u20101123\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Development of a Simplified Sampling Technique for Soil Fauna Extraction","volume":"6","author":"De Silva A. 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