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We utilized digitized herbarium specimens and photographs to analyze century\u2010long shifts (1921\u20132020) in the flowering phenology of 56 native plant species on Hainan Island, China. Species\u2010specific linear models were used to quantify phenological responses of flowering day of year (DOY) to temperature and precipitation, and linear mixed\u2010effects models were applied to test whether these responses differed among flowering seasons. We further evaluated phylogenetic signals in flowering date and climatic sensitivities and used phylogenetic generalized least\u2010squares models to compare functional groups while accounting for phylogenetic non\u2010independence. Our results revealed strong seasonally divergent responses to warming: increasing temperatures significantly delayed flowering of spring\u2010 and summer\u2010flowering species (+5.01\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32 and\u2009+\u20091.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.47\u2009days\/\u00b0C, respectively), whereas they advanced flowering of autumn\u2010winter\u2010flowering species (\u22125.61\u2009\u00b1\u20090.64\u2009days\/\u00b0C). Increased precipitation was associated with delayed flowering in spring and summer (+3.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21 and\u2009+\u20094.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17\u2009days\/10\u2009mm, respectively). We detected no significant phylogenetic signal in flowering date or climatic sensitivities. Flowering season was significantly associated with both temperature and precipitation sensitivities, whereas most functional\u2010group differences within flowering seasons were nonsignificant. Our findings reveal strong seasonal heterogeneity in tropical flowering responses to climate and highlight the need to incorporate such heterogeneity into projections of tropical plant responses to future climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:45:00Z","timestamp":1790678700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Climate\u2010Driven Shifts in Flowering Phenology of Wild Tropical Plants Uncovered by Century\u2010Long Herbarium and Photographic Records"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4723-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianhuai","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Development, School of Rural Revitalization) Hainan University  Haikou 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1937467"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400009317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14\u20101536.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1600305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.12154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Principles 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