{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1792481919515,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/T01279X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/T01279X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate mapping of woody biomass and its temporal change is critical for understanding the global carbon balance, informing restoration and supporting evidence\u2010based policy on climate mitigation and livelihoods. The vegetation of the dry tropics, comprised largely of dry forests and savannas, holds substantial woody carbon stocks, but both stocks and change over time remain uncertain. Where Earth Observation (EO) data have been used to estimate change over time, different products give conflicting results on the direction, magnitude and location of change. We present pan\u2010dry\u2010tropical maps of aboveground carbon density (AGCD) and AGCD change at 100\u2009m resolution for the years 2015\u20132024, developed using ALOS ScanSAR satellite radar observations calibrated with in\u00a0situ measurements (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009237). These maps suggest an aboveground woody carbon pool (AGC) in the dry tropics of 25.3  2.0 PgC, ~13.0% of global AGC. Net AGC has increased by 0.43  0.07 PgC yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ~20.0% of the global net land sink. The overall net increase (0.43 PgC yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) is comprised of gross losses from deforestation and degradation (0.27  0.05 PgC yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and gains due to densification and extensification of 0.59  0.1 PgC yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with the balance accounted for by small changes (change &lt;\u200920% of AGCD; 0.11 PgC yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Losses are equally split between degradation and deforestation, while gains are divided roughly 2:1 between the densification of woody ecosystems and expansion into previously grass\u2010dominated areas. These new maps, created with a dry\u2010tropics\u2010specific EO method, highlight the importance of tropical dry forests and savannas in the global carbon cycle. The prominent role of degradation\u2010related losses suggests that climate change mitigation will need to focus much more on reducing losses from overharvesting than at present. The widespread increases in carbon density and the increase in tree biomass into open systems present major challenges for biodiversity conservation, restoration and livelihoods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:45:22Z","timestamp":1792478722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon Accumulation in Tropical Dry Forests and Savannas Despite Widespread Land\u2010Cover Change, Revealed by Radar Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3216-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam B.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5595-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L.","family":"Godlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8419-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Milodowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Asiyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8437-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope J.","family":"Mograbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6829-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhofre","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal Universidad Nacional de Loja  Loja Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarcilene S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e2nica, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Federal de Pernambuco  Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George K. D.","family":"Ametsitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Forestry Research Institute of Ghana  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Araujo\u2010Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazon\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Beni Jos\u00e9 Ballivi\u00e1n (IIFA\u2010UAB)  Bolivia"},{"name":"Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Gabriel Ren\u00e9 Moreno (UAGRM)  Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2786-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Archibald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzmila Arroyo","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Gabriel Ren\u00e9 Moreno Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado  Santa Cruz Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6771-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4852-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Brade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domingos","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jardim Bot\u00e2nico Do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ)  Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. 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