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Despite decades of research documenting these impacts, the extent of salt\u2010affected soils continues to expand. Salt\u2010affected soil degradation emerges from feedbacks among physical, biological, and socioeconomic processes that operate across scales and resist intervention when addressed in isolation. This review synthesizes current understanding of these coupled feedbacks. We trace how ion accumulation, soil structural decline, microbial community disruption, and plant stress interact with irrigation practices, land use decisions, and governance systems. These interactions create threshold dynamics in which degradation can appear stable for years before rapid decline. Evidence from diverse regions reveals that effective restoration depends on coordinated interventions matched to the complexity of the system itself. Four research priorities emerge for advancing prediction and prevention. First, quantifying the thresholds that separate reversible from recalcitrant degradation across soil types and climates. Second, expanding predictive capacity through integrated sensor networks and data platforms that enable early warning. Third, improving understanding of how institutional structures influence adoption of restoration practices. Fourth, integrating biophysical and governance models to enable scaling from field trials to basin\u2010wide implementation. By coupling mechanistic understanding with monitoring infrastructure and adaptive governance, reactive remediation can give way to proactive prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:58:36Z","timestamp":1791183516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Reactive Remediation to Predictive Prevention: A Systems Synthesis of Global Soil Salinization and Sodicity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Wallenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syngenta, Soil Health Research  Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0531-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwyn A.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology &amp; Microbiology Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy M.","family":"Grunden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Falcao","family":"Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298\u2010021\u201001043\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298\u2010023\u201001279\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11112299"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2025.2454015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess\u201020\u20101609\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374\u2010004\u20100766\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Water Quality for Agriculture","author":"Ayers R. 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