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In this study, we synthesized 3843 paired observations from 510 field\u2010based studies that compared the yields, SOC and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions of intercropping systems (only crop\u2010crop intercropping for grain yield and including crop\u2010tree agroforestry in addition to crop\u2010crop intercropping for SOC and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) with monoculture systems. Our meta\u2010analysis revealed that on average, intercropping increased grain yields by 22.3%, calorie production by 16.1% and protein yields by 14.4%, while reducing N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions by 14.3%. Legume\u2010based intercropping was found to be more effective than non\u2010legume intercropping. Intercropping also significantly increased SOC content, with crop\u2010tree agroforestry outperforming crop\u2010crop intercropping (average increases of 15.5% and 6.1%, respectively). However, the effectiveness of intercropping systems varies depending on climate, soil properties and management practices. Based on data\u2010driven machine learning models, our upscaling analyses show that converting monoculture land to cereal\u2010legume intercropping could increase grain yields by 5.35\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009Mg\u2009yr.\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , potentially feeding nearly 1013 million people. This conversion could also enhance SOC stocks by 2.84 Pg C yr.\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and reduce N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions by 625 Gg N yr.\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , resulting in a reduction of 10.6 Pg CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010eq\u2009yr.\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for net global warming potential. Overall, converting monoculture systems to intercropping could generate approximately US$595 billion in economic benefits annually. These findings highlight the critical role of intercropping as a scalable nature\u2010based solution for addressing the dual challenges of global food security and climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:38:18Z","timestamp":1791520698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co\u2010Benefits of Intercropping on Crop Productivity, Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and\n                    <scp>\n                      N\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                      O\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jinyu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of 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People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4138-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing People's Republic of 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