{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:38:32Z","timestamp":1792827512259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010AC05\u201000OR22725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010AC05\u201000OR22725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS\u20102220865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS\u20102220865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Predicting boreal forest growth is hindered by limited experimental tests on the compounding effects of climate change and atmospheric CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . We integrated regional tree\u2010ring data with a peatland warming and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n manipulation experiment, including 45 trait measurements, to assess growth responses of two widespread boreal conifers,\n \n Larix laricina<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n Picea mariana<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , to temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil moisture, and elevated CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n \n L. laricina<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n growth was consistently more climate\u2010sensitive than\n \n P. mariana<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , increasing strongly with soil moisture and declining slightly with VPD at the regional scale, but responding positively to VPD and temperature\u2014not soil moisture or CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2014at the experimental peatland.\n \n L. laricina<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n 's acquisitive strategy enhanced water and nutrient uptake, sustaining growth but reducing hydraulic safety. By contrast,\n \n P. mariana<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n 's conservative strategy maintained water\u2010use efficiency and hydraulic resilience without compromising growth. Our results challenge projections of widespread CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n fertilization in boreal forests and highlight conservative conifers as potential winners under warming and drying, sustaining growth while maintaining low mortality risk. This dynamic could reshape projections of the boreal carbon sink and its role in global climate feedback.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.71157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:23:57Z","timestamp":1792826637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conservative Spruce Outperforms Acquisitive Larch Under Warming and\n \n CO\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Pivovaroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Occidental College Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmuda","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Forestry & Environmental Science Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin P.","family":"Girardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre Quebec City Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3862-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alana","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Cal Poly Humboldt Arcata California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Cochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF Clermont\u2010Ferrand France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Torres\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda de Sevilla (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u0131ficas (CSIC) Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Medina\u2010Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Global Earth Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3442-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Delzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO Pessac France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Ume\u00e5 universitet Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre Quebec City Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirindi E.","family":"Dusenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANU Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA"},{"name":"Of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division Pacific Northwest National Lab Richland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avni","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verity G.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nate G.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"},{"name":"Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division Pacific Northwest National Lab Richland Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8058","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08692-x","article-title":"Widespread Slow Growth of Acquisitive Tree Species","volume":"640","author":"Augusto L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks M. E. K.Kristensen K. J.Van Benthem et\u00a0al.2017.\u201cglmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero\u2010Inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling\u201d.","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-016-0564-2","article-title":"Inter\u2010and Intraspecific Variation in Stomatal Pore Area Index Along Elevational Gradients and Its Relation to Leaf Functional Traits","volume":"217","author":"Bucher S. F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1981)020<1527:NEFCVP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New Equations for Computing Vapor Pressure and Enhancement Factor","volume":"20","author":"Buck A. L.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao6969","article-title":"Drought Will Not Leave Your Glass Empty: Low Risk of Hydraulic Failure Revealed by Long\u2010Term Drought Observations in World's Top Wine Regions","volume":"4","author":"Charrier G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42932-w","article-title":"Warming\u2010Induced Vapor Pressure Deficit Suppression of Vegetation Growth Diminished in Northern Peatlands","volume":"14","author":"Chen N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpac120","article-title":"Acclimation of Interacting Leaf Surface Traits Affects Foliar Water Uptake","volume":"43","author":"Chin A. R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tree Physiology"},{"issue":"7711","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0240-x","article-title":"Triggers of Tree Mortality Under Drought","volume":"558","author":"Choat B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02317.x","article-title":"Structure and Function of Bordered Pits: New Discoveries and Impacts on Whole\u2010Plant Hydraulic Function","volume":"177","author":"Choat B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2005.00526.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Centrifuge Technique for Rapid Generation of Xylem Vulnerability Curves","volume":"124","author":"Cochard H.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiologia Plantarum"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13643","article-title":"Challenging Terrestrial Biosphere Models With Data From the Long\u2010Term Multifactor Prairie Heating and CO 2 Enrichment Experiment","volume":"23","author":"De Kauwe M. G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2010.02208.x","article-title":"Mechanism of Water\u2010Stress Induced Cavitation in Conifers: Bordered Pit Structure and Function Support the Hypothesis of Seal Capillary\u2010Seeding","volume":"33","author":"Delzon S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"issue":"7585","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16489","article-title":"The Global Spectrum of Plant Form and Function","volume":"529","author":"D\u00edaz S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-005-4070-y","article-title":"Series Evaluation of Tweedie Exponential Dispersion Model Densities","volume":"15","author":"Dunn P. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15283","article-title":"Plant Carbon Metabolism and Climate Change: Elevated CO 2 and Temperature Impacts on Photosynthesis, Photorespiration and Respiration","volume":"221","author":"Dusenge M. E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15620","article-title":"Warming Induces Divergent Stomatal Dynamics in Co\u2010Occurring Boreal Trees","volume":"27","author":"Dusenge M. E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40248-3","article-title":"Boreal Conifers Maintain Carbon Uptake With Warming Despite Failure to Track Optimal Temperatures","volume":"14","author":"Dusenge M. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15068","article-title":"Photosynthetic Capacity in Middle\u2010Aged Larch and Spruce Acclimates Independently to Experimental Warming and Elevated CO2","volume":"47","author":"Dusenge M. E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.2137","article-title":"Climatic Controls on Peatland Black Spruce Growth in Relation to Water Table Variation and Precipitation","volume":"12","author":"Dymond S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32545-0","article-title":"Convergence in Phosphorus Constraints to Photosynthesis in Forests Around the World","volume":"13","author":"Ellsworth D. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2000.00625.x","article-title":"Influence of Nutrient Versus Water Supply on Hydraulic Architecture and Water Balance in \n Pinus taeda","volume":"23","author":"Ewers B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2012.00599.x","article-title":"Wood Anatomical Responses of Oak Saplings Exposed to Air Warming and Soil Drought","volume":"15","author":"Fonti P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01668-4","article-title":"An Earlier Start of the Thermal Growing Season Enhances Tree Growth in Cold Humid Areas but Not in Dry Areas","volume":"6","author":"Gao S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15529","article-title":"Low Forest Productivity Associated With Increasing Drought\u2010Tolerant Species Is Compensated by an Increase in Drought\u2010Tolerance Richness","volume":"27","author":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Vald\u00e9s R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"6250","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9092","article-title":"Boreal Forest Health and Global Change","volume":"349","author":"Gauthier S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14340","article-title":"The Role of Nutrients in Drought\u2010Induced Tree Mortality and Recovery","volume":"214","author":"Gessler A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.14275","article-title":"Unravelling the Biogeographic Determinants of Tree Growth Sensitivity to Freeze and Drought in Canada's Forests","volume":"112","author":"Girardin M. P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2020-0099","article-title":"A National Tree\u2010Ring Data Repository for Canadian Forests (CFS\u2010TRenD): Structure, Synthesis, and Applications","volume":"29","author":"Girardin M. P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary\u2010Scale Geospatial Analysis for Everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485","article-title":"Plant Responses to Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit","volume":"226","author":"Grossiord C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02090.x","article-title":"Thermal Plasticity of Photosynthesis: The Role of Acclimation in Forest Responses to a Warming Climate","volume":"16","author":"Gunderson C. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.91.3.386","article-title":"Analysis of Circular Bordered Pit Function II. Gymnosperm Tracheids With Torus\u2010Margo Pit Membranes","volume":"91","author":"Hacke U. G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420100628","article-title":"Trends in Wood Density and Structure Are Linked to Prevention of Xylem Implosion by Negative Pressure","volume":"126","author":"Hacke U. G.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JG008511","article-title":"Peatland Plant Community Changes in Annual Production and Composition Through 8\u2009Years of Warming Manipulations Under Ambient and Elevated CO2 Atmospheres","volume":"130","author":"Hanson P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Hanson P. J.Phillips W.Nettles K.Pearson andL.Hook.2020.\u201cSPRUCE Plot\u2010Level Water Table Data Assessments for Absolute Elevations and Height With Respect to Mean Hollows Beginning in 2015\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","unstructured":"Hanson P. J.Phillips S. D.Wullschleger et\u00a0al.2018.\u201cSPRUCE Tree Growth Assessments of Picea and Larix in S1\u2010Bog Plots and SPRUCE Experimental Plots Beginning in 2011\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Hanson P. J.Riggs W.Nettles M.Krassovski andL.Hook.2016.\u201cSPRUCE Whole Ecosystems Warming (WEW) Environmental Data Beginning August 2015\u201d."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-861-2017","article-title":"Attaining Whole\u2010Ecosystem Warming Using Air and Deep\u2010Soil Heating Methods With an Elevated CO2 Atmosphere","volume":"14","author":"Hanson P.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-018-9731-7","article-title":"Using Smartphones as Experimental Tools\u2014Effects on Interest, Curiosity, and Learning in Physics Education","volume":"27","author":"Hochberg K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"Iversen C. J.Latimer A.Burnham D.Brice J.Childs andH.Vander Stel.2017.\u201cSPRUCE Plant\u2010Available Nutrients Assessed With Ion\u2010Exchange Resins in Experimental Plots Beginning in 2013\u201d."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-022-00744-x","article-title":"Whole\u2010Ecosystem Warming Increases Plant\u2010Available Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an Ombrotrophic Bog","volume":"26","author":"Iversen C. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02516.x","article-title":"CO2 Enrichment Increases Carbon and Nitrogen Input From Fine Roots in a Deciduous Forest","volume":"179","author":"Iversen C. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"6789","key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/35016154","article-title":"Constraints to Growth of Boreal Forests","volume":"405","author":"Jarvis P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7802","key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2128-9","article-title":"The Fate of Carbon in a Mature Forest Under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment","volume":"580","author":"Jiang M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16605","article-title":"Aridity\u2010Dependent Sequence of Water Potentials for Stomatal Closure and Hydraulic Dysfunctions in Woody Plants","volume":"29","author":"Jin Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpad037","article-title":"Evidence for a Trade\u2010Off Between Growth Rate and Xylem Cavitation Resistance in Callitris Rhomboidea","volume":"43","author":"Johnson K. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tree Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassambara A. andF.Mundt.2017.\u201cPackage \u2018Factoextra\u2019. Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses.\u201d 76(2).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.factoextra"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01744.x","article-title":"Quantifying Photosynthetic Capacity and Its Relationship to Leaf Nitrogen Content for Global\u2010Scale Terrestrial Biosphere Models","volume":"15","author":"Kattge J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12152861","article-title":"Phosphorus Plays Key Roles in Regulating Plants' Physiological Responses to Abiotic Stresses","volume":"12","author":"Khan F.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"Kolka R. N.Griffiths K.Oleheiser andC.Schadt.2023.\u201cSPRUCE Mass and Chemistry of Peat Ladder Decomposition Treatments 2017\u20132020\u201d."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02757.x","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of Nitrogen Deposition and Climate on Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Intrinsic Water\u2010Use Efficiency of Angiosperm and Conifer Trees Under Rising CO2 Conditions","volume":"18","author":"Leonardi S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12089","article-title":"Regulation and Acclimation of Leaf Gas Exchange in a pi\u00f1on\u2013Juniper Woodland Exposed to Three Different Precipitation Regimes","volume":"36","author":"Limousin J. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2016.1264086","article-title":"Increased Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Enhances the Development of Photosynthetic Capacity Beyond the Temperature Effect for Silver Birch in Simulated Future Climate","volume":"32","author":"Linkosalo T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15548","article-title":"Systemic Effects of Rising Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit on Plant Physiology and Productivity","volume":"27","author":"L\u00f3pez J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17627","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003361117","article-title":"Peatland Warming Strongly Increases Fine\u2010Root Growth","volume":"117","author":"Malhotra A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12912","article-title":"A New Look at Water Transport Regulation in Plants","volume":"204","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Vilalta J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00272-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of Woody\u2010Plant Mortality Under Rising Drought, CO2 and Vapour Pressure Deficit","volume":"3","author":"McDowell N. G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2873","article-title":"Multi\u2010Scale Predictions of Massive Conifer Mortality due to Chronic Temperature Rise","volume":"6","author":"McDowell N. G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42466-1","article-title":"Increasing Atmospheric Dryness Reduces Boreal Forest Tree Growth","volume":"14","author":"Mirabel A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4349-2021","article-title":"ERA5\u2010Land: A State\u2010Of\u2010The\u2010Art Global Reanalysis Dataset for Land Applications","volume":"13","author":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Sabater J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12571","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5722","article-title":"Rapid Loss of an Ecosystem Engineer: Sphagnum Decline in an Experimentally Warmed Bog","volume":"9","author":"Norby R. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02090-3","article-title":"Enhanced Woody Biomass Production in a Mature Temperate Forest Under Elevated CO2","volume":"14","author":"Norby R. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","unstructured":"Phillips J. P.Hanson andJ.Warren.2021.\u201cSPRUCE Plant Tissue Analyses Beginning 2017\u201d."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2006.01539.x","article-title":"Mechanical Reinforcement of Tracheids Compromises the Hydraulic Efficiency of Conifer Xylem","volume":"29","author":"Pittermann J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.015","article-title":"Relative Plant Growth Revisited: Towards a Mathematical Standardisation of Separate Approaches","volume":"320","author":"Pommerening A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120652","article-title":"Understanding and Modelling the Dynamics of Data Point Clouds of Relative Growth Rate and Plant Size","volume":"529","author":"Pommerening A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","volume-title":"BioSIM 10: User's Manual","author":"R\u00e9gni\u00e8re J.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7923","key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05076-3","article-title":"Even Modest Climate Change May Lead to Major Transitions in Boreal Forests","volume":"608","author":"Reich P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12211","article-title":"The World\u2010Wide \u2018Fast\u2013Slow'plant Economics Spectrum: A Traits Manifesto","volume":"102","author":"Reich P. B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Ecology"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216054110","article-title":"Biogeographic Variation in Evergreen Conifer Needle Longevity and Impacts on Boreal Forest Carbon Cycle Projections","volume":"111","author":"Reich P. B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7726","key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0582-4","article-title":"Effects of Climate Warming on Photosynthesis in Boreal Tree Species Depend on Soil Moisture","volume":"562","author":"Reich P. B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7504","key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13207","article-title":"Elevated CO2 Further Lengthens Growing Season Under Warming Conditions","volume":"510","author":"Reyes\u2010Fox M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7718","key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0399-1","article-title":"Ecosystem Warming Extends Vegetation Activity but Heightens Vulnerability to Cold Temperatures","volume":"560","author":"Richardson A. D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","article-title":"Elevated Temperature Alters Microbial Communities, but Not Decomposition Rates, During 3\u2009Years of in Situ Peat Decomposition","volume":"8","author":"Roth S. W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2003.01058.x","article-title":"The \u2018Hydrology'of Leaves: Co\u2010Ordination of Structure and Function in Temperate Woody Species","volume":"26","author":"Sack L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-021-05065-x","article-title":"Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in an Ombrotrophic Peatland: A Benchmark for Assessing Change","volume":"466","author":"Salmon V. G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(90)90129-Y","article-title":"Water and Nutrient Dynamics and Tree Growth","volume":"30","author":"Sands R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"issue":"52","key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219844110","article-title":"Thresholds for Boreal Biome Transitions","volume":"109","author":"Scheffer M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1201\/b10708-3","volume-title":"Peatland Biogeochemistry and Watershed Hydrology at the Marcell Experimental Forest","author":"Sebestyen S. D.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag284","article-title":"Leaf Phenology Affects Wood Anatomy in an Ecosystem Warming Experiment","volume":"201","author":"Song Y.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab449"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab090","article-title":"Growth of 19 Conifer Species Is Highly Sensitive to Winter Warming, Spring Frost and Summer Drought","volume":"128","author":"Song Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18177","article-title":"Drought Resilience of Conifer Species Is Driven by Leaf Lifespan but Not by Hydraulic Traits","volume":"235","author":"Song Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1998.00287.x","article-title":"Limitation of Plant Water Use by Rhizosphere and Xylem Conductance: Results From a Model","volume":"21","author":"Sperry J. S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant, Cell & Environment"},{"issue":"51","key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913072116","article-title":"The Impact of Rising CO2 and Acclimation on the Response of US Forests to Global Warming","volume":"116","author":"Sperry J. S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00607","article-title":"Trait Acclimation Mitigates Mortality Risks of Tropical Canopy Trees Under Global Warming","volume":"7","author":"Sterck F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl4800","article-title":"Drought\u2010and Heat\u2010Induced Mortality of Conifer Trees Is Explained by Leaf and Growth Legacies","volume":"10","author":"Sterck F. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","volume-title":"Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities","author":"Tilman D.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19463","article-title":"Plant Hydraulics at the Heart of Plant, Crops and Ecosystem Functions in the Face of Climate Change","volume":"241","author":"Torres\u2010Ruiz J. M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12893","article-title":"Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis Reveals Widespread Drought Stress in Boreal Black Spruce Forests","volume":"21","author":"Walker X. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212780120","article-title":"Warming\u2010Induced Tree Growth May Help Offset Increasing Disturbance Across the Canadian Boreal Forest","volume":"120","author":"Wang J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6522","key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7772","article-title":"Recent Global Decline of CO2 Fertilization Effects on Vegetation Photosynthesis","volume":"370","author":"Wang S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","unstructured":"Warnes G. R. B.Bolker T.Lumley andM. G. R.Warnes.2015.\u201cPackage \u2018gtools\u2019.\u201dR Package Version 3(1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","unstructured":"Warren J. M. J.Childs J.Lau J.Peters andK.Pearson.2025.\u201cSPRUCE Sap Flow in Picea Mariana andLarix laricinain the Experimental Plots 2016\u20132025\u201d."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15543","article-title":"Divergent Species\u2010Specific Impacts of Whole Ecosystem Warming and Elevated CO2 on Vegetation Water Relations in an Ombrotrophic Peatland","volume":"27","author":"Warren J. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv009","article-title":"Soil Warming Increased Whole\u2010Tree Water Use of \n Pinus cembra\n at the Treeline in the Central Tyrolean Alps","volume":"35","author":"Wieser G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tree Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab002","article-title":"Declining Carbohydrate Content of Sitka\u2010Spruce Treesdying From Seawater Exposure","volume":"185","author":"Zhang P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"}],"container-title":["Global Change Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71157","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gcb.71157","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcb.71157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:24:13Z","timestamp":1792826653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gcb.71157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gcb.71157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.71157","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1354-1013","1365-2486"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2486","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71157"}}