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The climate change mitigation effect of rape methyl ester (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RME<\/jats:styled-content>) is particularly challenged by the greenhouse gas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG<\/jats:styled-content>) emissions during crop production, mainly as nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) from soils. Oilseed rape requires high nitrogen fertilization and crop residues are rich in nitrogen, both potentially causing enhanced N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG<\/jats:styled-content> emissions of oilseed rape production are often estimated using emission factors that account for crop\u2010type specifics only with respect to crop residues. This meta\u2010analysis therefore aimed to assess annual N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions from winter oilseed rape, to compare them to those of cereals and to explore the underlying reasons for differences. For the identification of the most important factors, linear mixed effects models were fitted with 43 N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emission data points deriving from 12 different field sites. N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions increased exponentially with N\u2010fertilization rates, but interyear and site\u2010specific variability were high and climate variables or soil parameters did not improve the prediction model. Annual N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions from winter oilseed rape were 22% higher than those from winter cereals fertilized at the same rate. At a common fertilization rate of 200\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, the mean fraction of fertilizer N that was lost as N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\u2010N was 1.27% for oilseed rape compared to 1.04% for cereals. The risk of high yield\u2010scaled N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions increased after a critical N surplus of about 80\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The difference in N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions between oilseed rape and cereal cultivation was especially high after harvest due to the high N contents in oilseed rape's crop residues. However, annual N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O emissions of winter oilseed rape were still lower than predicted by the Stehfest and Bouwman model. Hence, the assignment of oilseed rape to the crop\u2010type classes of cereals or other crops should be reconsidered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1409567047000},"page":"1260-1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Direct nitrous oxide emissions from oilseed rape cropping \u2013 a meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Walter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcnen Institute of Climate\u2010Smart Agriculture Bundesallee 50 Braunschweig 38116 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Don","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcnen Institute of Climate\u2010Smart Agriculture Bundesallee 50 Braunschweig 38116 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Fu\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcnen Institute of Climate\u2010Smart Agriculture Bundesallee 50 Braunschweig 38116 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Max\u2010Eyth\u2010Allee 100 Potsdam 14469 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Drewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEH Edinburgh Bush Estate Penicuik EH26 0QB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Flessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcnen Institute of Climate\u2010Smart Agriculture Bundesallee 50 Braunschweig 38116 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-1987(99)00081-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02370269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"BatesD MaechlerM BolkerB WalkerS(2014)lme4: Linear mixed\u2010effects models using Eigen and S4. 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