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The grassland area in Europe has been affected by significant changes in recent decades, including abandonment and conversion to arable land. This study presents an assessment of changes in the permanent grassland area with reference to Slovakia and provides an assessment of the bioenergy potential of permanent grassland surplus to agricultural needs. In 2015, of the total permanent grassland area (868,000\u00a0ha) 42% had ceased to be used as feed for milk or meat production and had been abandoned. Results from field experiments show that low\u2010level improvement of permanent grasslands, e.g., by oversowing commonly sown agricultural grassland species and low\u2010dose fertilization (up to 30\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0year<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) could provide herbage biomass of 1.7 million tonnes of herbage dry matter per year. This would be sufficient to generate an energy output of approximately 31.3\u201331.9\u00a0PJ\/year (4.5% of the current gross inland energy consumption of Slovakia). Low\u2010intensity use of the currently surplus permanent grassland is also considered to have potential beneficial outcomes in terms of delivery of ecosystem services. Results are also discussed in the context of countries beyond the case\u2010study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gfs.12333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T04:36:40Z","timestamp":1507783000000},"page":"218-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Changes in the area of permanent grassland and its implications for the provision of bioenergy: Slovakia as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Kizekov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Centre \u2013 Grassland and Mountain Agriculture Research Institute Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GES Consulting Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kanianska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences Matej Bel University Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Makovn\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Centre \u2013 Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160.","family":"Poll\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Centre \u2013 Grassland and Mountain Agriculture Research Institute Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"P\u00e1lka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agricultural and Food Centre \u2013 Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ancygier A. &Szulecki K.(2014).A common renewable energy policy in Europe? 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