{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:01:51Z","timestamp":1785898911303,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010298","name":"Yuumi Memorial Foundation for Home Health Care","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate the Functional Independence and Difficulty Scale, a new instrument that assesses both independence and difficulty in carrying out basic activities of daily living.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we developed an item list for our construct through a literature review. Second, an expert panel evaluated the item list using the modified <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>elphi method. Third, to evaluate psychometric properties, a random sample of 593 community\u2010dwelling older adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years from Shiki City, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan, was surveyed by mail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed an instrument comprising 14 items: getting up from bed, standing up from a chair, standing up from the floor, dressing, putting on pants, eating, cleaning after toileting, washing, brushing teeth, opening a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PET<\/jats:styled-content> bottle, cutting toenails, walking inside, walking outside and going up or down four to six steps. Function scores for basic activities of daily living ranged from 14\u201342, with higher scores representing better function. Internal consistency was acceptable (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ronbach's alpha\u2009=\u20090.92). Spearman's partial correlation coefficients controlled for sex and age between the new assessment tool, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>atz Index and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>okyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence were 0.81 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and 0.63 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This new tool for assessment of the basic activities of daily living showed good internal consistency and validity. This assessment tool might be applicable in research and clinical practice to evaluate the basic activities of daily living of community\u2010dwelling elderly Japanese people. <jats:bold>Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1127\u20131137.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T17:28:39Z","timestamp":1444757319000},"page":"1127-1137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Functional Independence and Difficulty Scale: Instrument development and validity evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Visiting Nursing and Rehabilitation Network  Kawasaki\u2010shi Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"Doctoral Course of Gerontology Kobe University  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro P","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences Kobe University  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Visiting Nursing and Rehabilitation Network  Kawasaki\u2010shi Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Gerontology J. 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