{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:17:10Z","timestamp":1789643830086,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elderly individuals face the risk of reductions in saliva secretion and occlusal force caused by systemic diseases or medications that can eventually result in malnutrition and systemic complications. We tested the hypothesis that regular gum chewing exercises (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>) would enhance saliva secretion and occlusal force in an elderly population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 12 community\u2010dwelling elderly individuals (3 men and 9 women) participated in this study after providing informed consent. Participants carried out <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content> regimens using a soft gum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>) or hard gum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>) for 2 weeks each, with a 2\u2010week rest period between trials. Mucosal moisture on the tongue surface, resting saliva, and occlusal force were measured before and after each test gum, and changes in parameters at relevant time\u2010points were statistically analyzed. Differences in each measurement item were assessed using the Friedman test for before and after the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>. We used the Holm's correction for multiple comparisons if the Friedman test results were significant. The critical value for rejecting the null hypothesis was set at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resting saliva secretion significantly increased after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>, returned to baseline levels during the rest period and significantly increased again after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>. Mucosal moisture and occlusal force followed a similar trend, with a significant rise after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the present study suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GCE<\/jats:styled-content> can increase resting saliva secretion and occlusal force in elderly individuals. Further investigations are required on the appropriate use of soft and hard gums to address oral frailty in elderly individuals. <jats:bold>Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 48\u201353.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T09:08:43Z","timestamp":1450688923000},"page":"48-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effects of gum chewing exercises on saliva secretion and occlusal force in community\u2010dwelling elderly individuals: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kazuharu","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Fujita Health University School of Medicine  Toyoake Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Special Needs Dentistry Division of Hygiene and Oral Health Showa University School of Dentistry  Shinagawa Tokyo 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University School of Dentistry  Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouji","family":"Hironaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Needs Dentistry Division of Hygiene and Oral Health Showa University School of Dentistry  Shinagawa Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University  Shinagawa Tokyo 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