{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:23:16Z","timestamp":1778685796046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI 21792163, 26463200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI 21792163, 26463200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>When eating food that contains both liquid and solid phases, the liquid component frequently enters the hypopharynx before swallowing and can increase the risk of aspiration. Thus, we examined whether the initial viscosity of mixed consistency food could alter pre\u2010swallow food transport and breathing\u2013swallowing coordination in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fiberoptic endoscopy was recorded while 18 healthy young adults and 19 older adults ate 5 g of steamed rice combined with 3 mL of blue\u2010dye water. Liquid viscosity was set at three levels by the addition of a thickening agent (0 wt%, thin; 2 wt%, thicker; 4 wt%, higher\u2010viscosity, respectively). We measured the timing of swallow initiation and its corresponding respiratory phase for each participant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For thin mixed consistency food, whereas the timing of swallow initiation was comparable between young and older participants, swallowing was initiated during inspiration significantly more often in older participants (31.6 %) than in young participants (5.6 %). In contrast, the timing of swallow initiation was delayed in older participants for thicker and higher\u2010viscosity foods, although swallowing was commonly initiated during expiration in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In older adults, we observed that swallow initiation function was preserved for thin mixed consistency samples, but breathing\u2013swallowing coupling was diminished. For higher\u2010viscosity foods, swallow initiation was delayed in this group, but breathing\u2013swallowing coordination was not disturbed, probably as a result of the slow bolus flow into the hypopharynx. Thus, it appears the initial viscosity of mixed consistency food profoundly affects food transport before swallowing as well as breathing\u2013swallowing coordination in nursing home residents. <jats:bold>Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2171\u20132177.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T08:04:24Z","timestamp":1492675464000},"page":"2171-2177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of age and viscosity on food transport and breathing\u2013swallowing coordination during eating of two\u2010phase food in nursing home residents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Fujita Health University  Toyoake Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Special Care Dentistry Matsumoto Dental University  Shiojiri Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Fujita Health University  Toyoake Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Care Dentistry Matsumoto Dental University  Shiojiri Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizuru","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Care Corporation Yuricago  Ina Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Graduate School of Oral Medicine Matsumoto Dental University  Shiojiri Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Ogasawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Care Dentistry Matsumoto Dental University  Shiojiri Nagano Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02493469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9060-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318238a0e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of food consistencies and mastication on bolus transport and swallow initiation in individuals with hemispheric stroke","volume":"6","author":"Matsuo K","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"G675","article-title":"Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing","volume":"258","author":"Dantas RO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/044)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90063-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9413-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00806.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.4.1509"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00527.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.3.578"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"G347","article-title":"Pharyngeal swallowing elicited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment","volume":"270","author":"Pouderoux P","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90164-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00046.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-013-0024-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199309000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24539"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics &amp; 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