{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:26:06Z","timestamp":1773941166031,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20dk0207027h0005, and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan: 16K11219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20dk0207027h0005, and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan: 16K11219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory impairment as a prodromal symptom, as well as sarcopenia, frailty and dependence as geriatric syndromes, is often associated with cognitive decline in older adults with progression of Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the associations of olfactory and cognitive decline with these geriatric syndromes, and with structural changes of the brain in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 135 older adults (47 men and 88 women, mean age 79.5\u2009years), consisting of 64 with normal cognition, 23 with mild cognitive impairment and 48 with Alzheimer's disease. Olfactory function was evaluated by the Open Essence odor identification test. Shrinkage of the regional brain was determined by magnetic resonance imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Logistic regression analysis with Open Essence, Mini\u2010Mental State Examination, age and sex as covariates showed higher olfactory\u2010cognitive index (|coefficient for Open Essence (a) \/ coefficient for Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (b)|) in participants with sarcopenia (Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia), and lower values of (|a\/b|) in participants with Barthel Index dependence, Kihon Checklist frailty, Lawton Index dependence and support\/care\u2010need certification as objective variables. Logistic regression analysis adjusted by age and sex also showed significant shrinkage of the frontal lobe in participants with AWGS sarcopenia, especially in women, and shrinkage of the medial temporal areas and global brain in participants with Kihon Checklist frailty\/dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory\u2010cognitive index (|a\/b|) might be a useful tool to distinguish involvement of frontal lobe shrinkage, as in sarcopenia from shrinkage of the medial temporal areas, and global brain, as in frailty\/dependence, in older adults with progression of normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease. <jats:bold>Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; \u2022\u2022: \u2022\u2022\u2013\u2022\u2022<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T22:31:37Z","timestamp":1611095497000},"page":"291-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Olfactory\u2010cognitive index distinguishes involvement of frontal lobe shrinkage, as in sarcopenia from shrinkage of medial temporal areas, and global brain, as in <scp>Kihon Checklist<\/scp> frailty\/dependence, in older adults with progression of normal cognition to Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Osamu","family":"Iritani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comprehensive Care on Memory Disorders Kanazawa Medical University  Uchinada Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tazuo","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comprehensive Care on Memory Disorders Kanazawa Medical University  Uchinada Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takaki","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kanazawa Medical University  Uchinada Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuma","family":"Makizako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences Kagoshima University  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumino","family":"Okutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Nankoku Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Kashibayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School Kochi University  Nankoku Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head &amp; Neck Surgery Saga University  Saga Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University  Saga Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shusaku","family":"Omoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minori","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head &amp; 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