{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:16:13Z","timestamp":1792016173112,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005694","name":"Hori Sciences and Arts Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19dk0207041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19dk0207041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007312","name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory impairment is associated with cognitive impairment. However, differences between subjective and objective olfactory impairment measurements in older adults and their relationship with cognitive impairment are unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed the relationship between cognitive and olfactory impairments via a single\u2010center observational study in 2020. Forty\u2010seven individuals who visited our memory clinic were enrolled and asked to complete objective and subjective olfactory tests. Participants had dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or normal cognition. We administered the Open Essence (a simple card\u2010type odor identification test) and self\u2010administered odor questionnaire to assess objective and subjective olfaction, respectively, and the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination to assess cognitive function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older age was related to decreased Open Essence scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Compared with the mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition groups, the dementia group had significantly lower Open Essence scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cognitive impairment was also associated with decreased Open Essence scores after adjusting for age, sex, and education (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Participants with dementia did not obtain lower self\u2010administered odor questionnaire scores than those with normal cognition, and they tended to be unaware of their olfactory impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Open Essence scores significantly decreased according to the degree of cognitive impairment. Participants with dementia were unaware of their olfactory impairment, as indicated by odor questionnaire scores. Objective and subjective scores of olfaction differed in participants with dementia. Concomitant assessment of objective and subjective olfaction is useful to screen older adults with both olfactory and cognitive impairments. <jats:bold>Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 924\u2013929<\/jats:bold>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T02:44:05Z","timestamp":1663901045000},"page":"924-929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cognitive impairment is correlated with olfactory identification deficits in older Japanese adults: A cross\u2010sectional study using objective and subjective olfactory measures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiko","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Toyota Josui Mental Clinic  Toyota Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Ichinomiya Medical Treatment &amp; Habilitation Center  Ichinomiya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Teranishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Shimono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Murotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kurume University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2369-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Prevention and Care Science, Research Institute National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Cognition and Behavioral Science Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasue","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Aichi Medical University  Nagakute Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Saji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Obu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.5.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjq098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24447"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2952"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941212100609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7248\/jjrhi.48.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000192478.82189.a8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05201-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3950\/jibiinkoka.114.917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Factors associated with inaccurate self\u2010reporting of olfactory dysfunction in older US adults","volume":"42","author":"Adams DR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1399"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics &amp; 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