{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:05:21Z","timestamp":1790132721085,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009647","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22FA1003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22FA1003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 25\u2010item Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale is widely used to identify locomotive syndrome, a condition characterized by progressive decline in motor function. Although its reliability in older adults has been established, item\u2010level properties across age groups remain unclear. This study examined item discrimination and difficulty using an item response theory approach and compared item characteristics between younger and middle\u2010aged adults and older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community\u2010dwelling adults aged 18\u2009years or older were classified as younger and middle\u2010aged (&lt;\u200965\u2009years) or older (\u2265\u200965\u2009years). The graded response model estimated item discrimination and difficulty. Discrimination was interpreted using Baker's classification, while values between 0.5 and 2.5 were considered empirically acceptable. Difficulty parameters ranged approximately from \u22123 to +3. Model fit was assessed using the root mean square error of approximation. Wald tests compared item parameters between age groups, and sensitivity analyses used age thresholds of 60, 70, and 75\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 866 participants, most items showed acceptable discrimination and difficulty. Pain\u2010 and social participation\u2010related items were more discriminative in younger and middle\u2010aged adults, whereas mobility\u2010 and anxiety\u2010related items were more discriminative in older adults. Model fit was good (root mean square error of approximation\u2009=\u20090.04\u20130.05), and Wald tests confirmed significant item\u2010level differences between groups. Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the 65\u2010year cutoff.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale demonstrated statistically validated age\u2010related item patterns. These findings support developing age\u2010tailored short forms and adaptive screening tools for locomotive syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.70357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:29:01Z","timestamp":1770380941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differences in Item Discrimination of the 25\u2010Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale Between Younger and Middle\u2010Aged Adults and Older Adults: An Analysis Using the Item Response Theory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Yamashina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University  Higashihiroshima Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Shimane University  Izumo Shimane Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Hirohama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University  Higashihiroshima Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Sakamidorii Hospital  Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4830-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junji","family":"Nishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University  Higashihiroshima Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University  Kawagoe Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences Tokyo Kasei University  Sayama Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences Hiroshima University  Higashihiroshima Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Annual Report on the Aging Society","author":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. 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