{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:15:38Z","timestamp":1788786938654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amid rapid population aging, declining fertility, and a shrinking workforce, employment in later life has become a critical issue in Japan. Older adults are no longer viewed solely as care recipients; many remain engaged in paid work, making employment a key form of social participation. This review synthesizes epidemiological evidence on the health benefits, challenges, and future directions of late\u2010life employment, drawing on the authors' previous studies and domestic and international cohort research from a health and welfare policy perspective. Longitudinal evidence indicates that continued employment is associated with reduced mortality, better self\u2010rated health, preserved cognitive function, and maintained activities of daily living. However, these benefits vary by sex, employment type, and frailty status. Notably, full\u2010time employment may offer protective effects even among frail older adults, particularly in reducing risks related to dementia and physical decline, whereas irregular or sporadic work provides limited benefits. The motivation and meaning of work also play a crucial role. Employment driven solely by financial necessity is linked to poorer health outcomes and greater social isolation, while nonfinancial motivations\u2014such as maintaining health, purpose in life, and social contribution\u2014are associated with more favorable outcomes. Finally, the study underscores the importance of community\u2010based intermediaries and emerging approaches such as social prescribing to connect older adults with meaningful, ability\u2010appropriate work. Effective support requires integrating employment assistance with frailty assessment, safety management, and multidisciplinary coordination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.70629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T21:45:52Z","timestamp":1785102352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Employment in Later Life: Its Multiple Benefits, Challenges, and Future Outlook"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3384-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications \u201cLabor Force Survey: Annual Report on the Labor Force Survey 2023 \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/english\/data\/roudou\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare (Japan) Act on Stabilization of Employment of Older Persons(Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Cabinet Office Government of Japan Annual Report on the Aging Society 2022 Reiwa\u20094 edition (Cabinet Office 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Consumer Affairs Agency (Japan) Results of the FY2022 Basic Survey on Consumer Life (Reiwa 4 Fiscal Year\u2014November 2022 Survey)(Consumer Affairs Agency 2023) https:\/\/www.caa.go.jp\/policies\/policy\/consumer_research\/research_report\/survey_002\/assets\/consumer_research_cms209_230831_01.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Productive Aging: Concepts and Challenges","author":"Bass S. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Longitudinal Association Between Work and Self\u2010Rated Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"69","author":"Watanabe S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.15017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.751879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"White Paper on Gender Equality","author":"Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Gender Equality Bureau","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2010.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Effects of Employment Status and Motivations on the Onset of Social Isolation in Old Age: A 2.5\u2010Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"8","author":"Murayama H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joccuh\/uiad008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Understanding the Aging Workforce","author":"Becker T.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-005-3797-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159713"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03978-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/59752153-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"World Report on Ageing and Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013384"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1659713"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Community\u2010Based Integrated Long\u2010Term Care Prevention and Daily Life Support Program","author":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan)","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ggi.70629","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ggi.70629","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ggi.70629","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1788786130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ggi.70629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ggi.70629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ggi.70629","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-1586","1447-0594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-1586","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70629"}}