{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:16:49Z","timestamp":1787991409411,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,8,9]],"date-time":"2027-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1817769600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":373,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H04063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H04063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26750348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26750348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K19919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K19919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJPF2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008882","name":"Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics Gerontology Int"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although exercise is considered effective in preventing dementia, it remains unclear whether different types of exercise are differentially associated with dementia risk. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between specific types of exercise and the risk of developing dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted postal surveys of 5074 community\u2010dwelling older adults in Japan in June 2013 (pre\u2010baseline wave) and August 2017 (baseline wave). Participants were followed for 4\u2009years, until July 2021. Dementia was assessed using the nationally standardized scale developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Participants were grouped based on engagement in 17 exercise types or classified as a non\u2010exerciser group if they did not participate in any of these activities. Five exercise types with \u2265\u2009150 participants\u2014calisthenics, walking, Japanese croquet, golf, and strength exercise\u2014were included in the analysis. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models with robust variance estimators were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dementia development by comparing each exercise group with the non\u2010exerciser group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the follow\u2010up period (median, 4.0\u2009years; interquartile range, 4.0\u20134.0\u2009years), 430 participants (8.5%) developed dementia. Compared with non\u2010exercisers, participation in Japanese croquet and strength exercise was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing dementia, with adjusted HRs of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46\u20130.99) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.08\u20130.81), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participation in Japanese croquet and strength exercise may be beneficial for the prevention of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.70774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:49:38Z","timestamp":1786322978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Types of Exercise and Risk of Developing Dementia in Older Japanese Community\u2010Dwelling Adults: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4090-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koki","family":"Nagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Science Nippon Sport Science University  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"R&amp;D Center for Tailor\u2010Made QOL University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Tsunoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Fitness Research Institute Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare  Hachioji Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center for Tailor\u2010Made QOL University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"College of Sport Science Sungkyunkwan University  Suwon Gyeonggi Republic of Korea"},{"name":"International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI\u2010IIIS), Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research (TIAR) University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Jindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Art, Music, and Physical Education Osaka Kyoiku University  Kashiwara Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyohei","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center for Tailor\u2010Made QOL University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI\u2010IIIS), Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research (TIAR) University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61347-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2018. The State of the Art of Dementia Research: New Frontiers","author":"Patterson C.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-016-0188-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00092-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01587.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02540-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01655-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022252"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"800","article-title":"Types and Number of Hobbies and Incidence of Dementia Among Older Adults: A Six\u2010Year Longitudinal Study From the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES)","volume":"67","author":"Ling L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"E6911","article-title":"Increased Risk of Dementia in the Aftermath of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami","volume":"113","author":"Hikichi H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare \u201cThe Degree of Autonomy in the Daily Lives of Elderly Individuals With Dementia Scale \u201daccessed September 4 2025 http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/topics\/2013\/02\/dl\/tp0215\u201011\u201011d.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2012.00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"883","article-title":"The Relationship Between Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS\u2010R), Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Bed\u2010Fast Scale, Dementia Scale","volume":"20","author":"Hisano S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101731"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104908"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1166-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00494-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12833"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017719"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0851-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29053-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1013734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2672"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijjs.12130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.004"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ggi.70774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ggi.70774","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/ggi.70774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ggi.70774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:42:37Z","timestamp":1787989357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ggi.70774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ggi.70774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ggi.70774","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1444-1586","1447-0594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1444-1586","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70774"}}