{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:04:06Z","timestamp":1783119846530,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes to Cells"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Raw horsemeat has the potential to induce food poisoning which often presents with diarrheal symptoms. A sample of horsemeat was found to be infected with <jats:italic>Sarcocystis fayeri<\/jats:italic>, and a 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein isolated from the cysts of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0fayeri<\/jats:italic> was found to clearly show its diarrhea\u2010inducing activity. A nested polymerase chain reaction was used to clone the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cDNA<\/jats:styled-content> of the 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein. The deduced amino acid sequence showed homology to actin\u2010depolymerizing factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADF<\/jats:styled-content>). A recombinant 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein depolymerized prepolymerized actins in a test tube. The 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein possessed conserved amino acid sequences of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADF<\/jats:styled-content> of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eimeria tenella<\/jats:italic>. These characteristics indicate that the 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0fayeri<\/jats:italic> belongs to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADF<\/jats:styled-content>\/cofilin protein family. The recombinant 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein evoked fluid accumulation in the looped ileum, resulting in diarrhea, but it did not kill the cultured fibroblast cells, macrophages or intestinal mucosal cells. In addition, the culture supernatant of the macrophages treated with the recombinant 15\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kD<\/jats:styled-content>a protein killed the fibroblast L929 cells. This fact indicates that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADF<\/jats:styled-content> of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0fayeri<\/jats:italic> induced cytotoxic substances, such as tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, according to the published reports. Although further experiments are needed now to elucidate the enterotoxic mechanism of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0fayeri<\/jats:italic>'s <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADF<\/jats:styled-content>, our findings may offer new insight into research on parasites and parasite\u2010instigated food poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T10:41:38Z","timestamp":1501843298000},"page":"825-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Characterization of <i>Sarcocystis fayeri<\/i>'s actin\u2010depolymerizing factor as a toxin that causes diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Irikura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HORIBA Ltd. 2 Miyanohigasi, Kisshoin Minami\u2010ku Kyoto 601\u20108510 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