{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:14:47Z","timestamp":1789776887968,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n An important part of the evaluation of the effectiveness of persulfate in situ chemical oxidation (\n ISCO<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for treating organic contaminants is to identify and understand its potential impact on metal co\u2010contaminants in the subsurface. Chromium is a redox\u2010sensitive and toxic metal the release of which poses considerable risk to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of persulfate chemical oxidation on the release of chromium from three soils varying in physical\u2010chemical properties. Soils were treated with unactivated and activated persulfate [activated with Fe(\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), Fe(\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and alkaline\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] at two different concentrations (i.e., 41\n mM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 2.1\n mM<\/jats:styled-content>\n persulfate) for 48 h and 6 months and were analyzed for release of chromium. Results show that release of chromium with persulfate chemical oxidation depends on the soil type and the activation method. Sandy soil with low oxidant demand released more chromium compared to soils with high oxidant demand. More chromium was released with alkaline\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n activation. Alkaline\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n and high Eh conditions favor oxidation of Cr(\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) to Cr(\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), which is the main mechanism of release of chromium with persulfate chemical oxidation. Unactivated and Fe(\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010activated persulfate decreased\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n and at low\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n in absence of\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n chromium release is not a concern. These results indicate that chromium release can be anticipated based on the given site and treatment conditions, and\n ISCO<\/jats:styled-content>\n system can be designed to minimize potential chromium release when treating soils and groundwater contaminated with both organic and metal contaminants.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1378984760000},"page":"748-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Release of Chromium from Soils with Persulfate Chemical Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kawalpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Crimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for a Sustainable Environment Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 13699"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2006.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"ATSDR.2008.Toxicological Profile for Chromium(Draft for Public Comment). Atlanta Georgia: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00833-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1979.00472425000800010008x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Bethke C.M. andS.Yeakel.2009.The Geochemist's Workbench.Release 8.0: GWB Essentials Guide. Urbana Illinois: University of Illinois."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"CLU\u2010IN.2013.Chromium VI Overview. Contaminated site clean up information.http:\/\/www.clu\u2010in.org\/contaminantfocus\/default.focus\/sec\/chromium_VI\/cat\/Overview\/.html(accessed April 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.01.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Development of Alkaline Oxidative Dissolution Methods for Chromium (III) Compounds Present in Hanford Site Tank Sludges","author":"Delegard C.H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00173a018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"FMC.2008. 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United States Environmental Protection Agency.http:\/\/water.epa.gov\/drink\/info\/chromium\/html(accessed April 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.10.043"}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T13:26:54Z","timestamp":1762090014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.12116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.12116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.12116","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-467X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]]}}}