{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:05:57Z","timestamp":1769177157121,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]],"date-time":"2013-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006234","name":"Sandia National Laboratories, National Nuclear Security Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["161864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["161864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, we use\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFLOTRAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , a highly scalable, parallel, flow, and reactive transport code to simulate the concentrations of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      H\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      He\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u201011,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u201012,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010113,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      SF\n                      <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:sup>39<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ar\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , and the mean groundwater age in heterogeneous fields on grids with an excess of 10 million nodes. We utilize this computational platform to simulate the concentration of multiple tracers in high\u2010resolution, heterogeneous 2D and 3D domains, and calculate tracer\u2010derived ages. Tracer\u2010derived ages show systematic biases toward younger ages when the groundwater age distribution contains water older than the maximum tracer age. The deviation of the tracer\u2010derived age distribution from the true groundwater age distribution increases with increasing heterogeneity of the system. However, the effect of heterogeneity is diminished as the mean travel time gets closer to the tracer age limit. Age distributions in 3D domains differ significantly from 2D domains.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    simulations show decreased mean age, and less variance in age distribution for identical heterogeneity statistics. High\u2010performance computing allows for investigation of tracer and groundwater age systematics in high\u2010resolution domains, providing a platform for understanding and utilizing environmental tracer and groundwater age information in heterogeneous 3D systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]],"date-time":"2013-12-23T12:21:02Z","timestamp":1387801262000},"page":"71-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["High Performance Simulation of Environmental Tracers in Heterogeneous Domains"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"William P.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lichtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OFM Research, Santa Fe, NM 87507"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.36.031207.124210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4557-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2005.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GC003353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR03401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2174\/978160805306311201010141","volume-title":"Ebook: Groundwater Reactive Transport Models","author":"Hammond G.E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.93.1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2009.00595.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Maloszewski P. andA.Zuber(1996) Lumped parameter models for the interpretation of environmental tracer data. IAEA Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Bias of apparent tracer ages in heterogeneous environments","author":"McCallum J.L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-010-0662-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-004-0324-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006786714947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR03361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-010-0637-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-004-0326-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008341"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(58)87010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:11(1037)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR02536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000907"}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12148","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:37:32Z","timestamp":1762076252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.12148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.12148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.12148","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-467X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,23]]}}}