{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:51:36Z","timestamp":1787014296932,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDoD Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP)","award":["Project ER-1553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ER-1553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thermal methods are promising for remediating fractured geologic media contaminated with volatile organic compounds, and the success of this process depends on the coupled heat transfer, multiphase flow, and thermodynamics. This study analyzed field\u2010scale removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) and heat transfer behavior in boiling fractured geologic media using the multiple interacting continua method. This method can resolve local gradients in the matrix and is less computationally demanding than alternative methods like discrete fracture\u2010matrix models. A 2D axisymmetric model was used to simulate a single element of symmetry in a repeated pattern of extraction wells inside a large heated zone and evaluate effects of parameter sensitivity on contaminant recovery. The results showed that the removal of TCE increased with matrix permeability, and the removal rate was more sensitive to matrix permeability than any other parameter. Increasing fracture density promoted TCE removal, especially when the matrix permeability was low (e.g., &lt;10\n                    <jats:sup>\u221217<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). A 3D model was used to simulate an entire treatment zone and the surrounding groundwater in fractured material, with the interaction between them being considered. Boiling was initiated in the center of the upper part of the heated region and expanded toward the boundaries. This boiling process resulted in a large increase in the TCE removal rate and spread of TCE to the vadose zone and the peripheries of the heated zone. The incorporation of extraction wells helped control the contaminant from migrating to far regions. After 22\u2009d, more than 99.3% of TCE mass was recovered in the simulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T15:35:15Z","timestamp":1405697715000},"page":"572-587","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Numerical Analysis of Thermal Remediation in 3D Field\u2010Scale Fractured Geologic Media"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering &amp; Earth Sciences Clemson University  Clemson SC 29634"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald W.","family":"Falta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering &amp; Earth Sciences Clemson University  Clemson SC 29634"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence C.","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering &amp; Earth Sciences Clemson University  Clemson SC 29634"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Applied Groundwater Modeling: Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport","author":"Anderson M.P.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2010.00722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2008.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.20047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Chen F.2011.Contaminant mass transfer during boiling in fractured geologic media. 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