{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:34:41Z","timestamp":1790307281708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Major challenges exist in delineating bedrock fracture zones because these cause abrupt changes in geological and hydrogeological properties over small distances. Borehole observations cannot sufficiently capture heterogeneity in these systems. Geophysical techniques offer the potential to image properties and processes in between boreholes. We used three\u2010dimensional cross borehole electrical resistivity tomography (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) in a 9\u2009m (diameter)\u2009\u00d7\u200915\u2009m well field to capture high\u2010resolution flow and transport processes in a fractured mudstone contaminated by chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethylene. Conductive (sodium bromide) and resistive (deionized water) injections were monitored in seven boreholes. Electrode arrays with isolation packers and fluid sampling ports were designed to enable acquisition of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    measurements during pulsed tracer injections. Fracture zone locations and hydraulic pathways inferred from hydraulic head drawdown data were compared with electrical conductivity distributions from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    measurements. Static\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    imaging has limited resolution to decipher individual fractures; however, these images showed alternating conductive and resistive zones, consistent with alternating laminated and massive mudstone units at the site. Tracer evolution and migration was clearly revealed in time\u2010lapse\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    images and supported by in situ borehole vertical apparent conductivity profiles collected during the pulsed tracer test. While water samples provided important local information at the extraction borehole,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    delineated tracer migration over spatial scales capturing the primary hydrogeological heterogeneity controlling flow and transport. The fate of these tracer injections at this scale could not have been quantified using borehole logging and\/or borehole sampling methods alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T09:19:29Z","timestamp":1436865569000},"page":"186-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Imaging Pathways in Fractured Rock Using Three\u2010Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  Richland WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Reston VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Tiedeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Menlo Park CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Ntarlagiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University  101 Warren Street, Smith Hall Rm 135 Newark NJ 07102"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Day\u2010Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Imbrigiotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Lawrenceville NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey  Storrs CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3102-5_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00767501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(02)00042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.21308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR015880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20397"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.QJEG.1999.032.P2.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3553003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-9851(95)90044-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-004-0372-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR001163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3467824"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2011.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2003.4160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-009-0498-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR011893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2012-0121.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3475513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"Borehole Geophysics Applied to Ground\u2010Water Investigations","author":"Keys W.S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4133\/JEEG6.2.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j1745"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR013991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2011-0407.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-007-0159-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb01159.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2734365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2011.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2011-0313.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2012-0333.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/tle32070784.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-010-0678-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9208-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(02)00124-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(00)00002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"Sorenson K. S.2000. Biodegradation of TCE improved with lactate injection in deep fractured rock enhanced in situ bioremediation demonstrated in fractured bedrock. Ground Water Currents EPA 542\u2010N\u2010(38)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1649381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1438244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR012431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2009.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03725.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03196.x"}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12356","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12356","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gwat.12356","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:52:33Z","timestamp":1762073553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.12356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.12356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.12356","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-467X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]}}}