{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:16:07Z","timestamp":1782990967061,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Field characterization of a trichloroethene (TCE) source area in fractured mudstones produced a detailed understanding of the geology, contaminant distribution in fractures and the rock matrix, and hydraulic and transport properties. Groundwater flow and chemical transport modeling that synthesized the field characterization information proved critical for designing bioremediation of the source area. The planned bioremediation involved injecting emulsified vegetable oil and bacteria to enhance the naturally occurring biodegradation of TCE. The flow and transport modeling showed that injection will spread amendments widely over a zone of lower\u2010permeability fractures, with long residence times expected because of small velocities after injection and sorption of emulsified vegetable oil onto solids. Amendments transported out of this zone will be diluted by groundwater flux from other areas, limiting bioremediation effectiveness downgradient. At nearby pumping wells, further dilution is expected to make bioremediation effects undetectable in the pumped water. The results emphasize that in fracture\u2010dominated flow regimes, the extent of injected amendments cannot be conceptualized using simple homogeneous models of groundwater flow commonly adopted to design injections in unconsolidated porous media (e.g., radial diverging or dipole flow regimes). Instead, it is important to synthesize site characterization information using a groundwater flow model that includes discrete features representing high\u2010 and low\u2010permeability fractures. This type of model accounts for the highly heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity and groundwater fluxes in fractured\u2010rock aquifers, and facilitates designing injection strategies that target specific volumes of the aquifer and maximize the distribution of amendments over these volumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T17:48:43Z","timestamp":1504633723000},"page":"300-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bioremediation in Fractured Rock: 1. Modeling to Inform Design, Monitoring, and Expectations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Claire R.","family":"Tiedeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen M.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Mail Stop 431  Reston VA 20192"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Mail Stop 496  Menlo Park CA 94025"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Imbrigiotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110  Lawrenceville NJ 08648"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Goode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110  Lawrenceville NJ 08648"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre J.","family":"Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110  Lawrenceville NJ 08648"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"DeFlaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosyntec Consultants, 7 Graphics Drive, Suite 106  Ewing Township NJ 08628"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosyntec Consultants, 7 Graphics Drive, Suite 106  Ewing Township NJ 08628"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015  Storrs CT 06269"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 425 Jordan Road  Troy NY 12180"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Mail Stop 496  Menlo Park CA 94025"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Aquanty.2017. HydroGeoSphere.https:\/\/www.aquanty.com\/hydrogeosphere(accessed April 17 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Hydraulics of Groundwater","author":"Bear J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100400100135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2008.00531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2011.00798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Muds and Mudstones: Physical and Fluid Flow Properties","author":"Dorsch J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990638e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380490452362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Golder Associates.2016. FracMan Software.http:\/\/www.fracman.com\/(accessed April 17 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbaugh A.W.2005. MODFLOW-2005 the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model\u2014the Ground-Water Flow Process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16. Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm6A16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbaugh A.W.1990. A computer program for calculating subregional water budgets from the U.S. Geological Survey modular three\u2010dimensional ground\u2010water flow model U.S. Geological Survey Open\u2010File Report Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr90392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1401-9_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470041080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551864.013","volume-title":"Scale Dependence and Invariance in Hydrology","author":"Hsieh P.A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Imbrigiotta T.E. A.M.Shapiro D.J.Goode andC.R.Tiedeman.2017. Biogeochemical analyses of water samples collected in the mudstone aquifer underlying the Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton NJ (2008\u20102013). U.S. Geological Survey Data Release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F7N877ZC"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC).2015. Integrated DNAPL site characterization and tools selection.http:\/\/www.itrcweb.org\/DNAPL\u2010ISC_tools\u2010selection\/(accessed July 17 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC).2011. Integrated DNAPL site strategy.http:\/\/www.itrcweb.org\/guidancedocuments\/integrateddnaplstrategy_idssdoc\/idss\u20101.pdf(accessed July 17 2016)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"SERDP ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology","author":"Kueper B.H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Handbook of DNAPL Transport and Fate in the Subsurface","author":"Kueper B.H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacombe P.J.2011. Mass of chlorinated volatile organic compounds removed by Pump-and-Treat Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton New Jersey 1996\u20132010. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011\u20135003. Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20115003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"Lacombe P.J.2000. Hydrogeologic framework water levels and trichloroethylene contamination Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton New Jersey 1993\u201397. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98\u20104167. Reston Virginia: USGS."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2010.01275.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7722(90)90035-F","article-title":"A method for determining volatile organic solvents in chalk pore waters (Southern and Eastern England) and its relevance to the evaluation of groundwater contamination","volume":"6","author":"Lawrence A.R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"Lebr\u00f3n C.A. D.Phelan G.Heron J.LaChance S.G.Nielsen B.Kueper D.Rodrguez A.Wemp D.Baston P.Lacombe andF.H.Chapelle.2012. Dense non aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) removal from fractured rock using thermal conductive heating (TCH). Final Report. ESTCP Project ER-200715. Prepared for ESTCP Arlington VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis-Brown J.C. G.B.Carleton andT.E.Imbrigiotta.2006. Hydraulic and solute-transport properties and simulated advective transport of contaminated ground water in a fractured rock aquifer at the Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton New Jersey 2003. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5049. Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20055049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"Lewis-Brown J.C. andD.E.Rice.2002. Simulated groundwater flow Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002\u20104019. Reston Virginia: USGS."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0255711"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1401-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR01275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.20168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2007.00359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Characterization, Modeling, Monitoring, and Remediation of Fractured Rock","author":"NAS","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"NAVFAC.2013. Best Practices for injection and distribution of amendments. Naval Facilities Engineering Command Technical Report TR\u2010NAVFAC\u2010EXWC\u2010EV\u20101303. Port Hueneme California: NAVFAC."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-083980-3.50006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2011.01390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"The Development of a Conceptual Model for Contaminant Transport in the Dolostone Underlying","author":"Novakowski K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"320","volume-title":"National Research Council (NRC)","author":"NRC","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"551","volume-title":"National Research Council (NRC)","author":"NRC","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"316","volume-title":"National Research Council (NRC)","author":"NRC","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Y. Ohlsson I. Neretnieks 1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es404122y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2016.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poeter E.P. M.C.Hill E.R.Banta S.Mehl andS.Christensen.2005. UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis calibration and uncertainty evaluation. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11. Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm6A11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Sale T. C.Newell H.Stroo R.Hinchee andP.Johnson.2008. Frequently asked questions regarding management of chlorinated solvents in soils and groundwater. ESTCP Project ER-200530. Prepared for ESTCP Arlington VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gwmr.12208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2010.01297.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es1003044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00551-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro A.M.2007. Characterizing hydraulic properties and ground\u2010water chemistry in fractured\u2010rock aquifers: A user's manual for the Multifunction Bedrock\u2010Aquifer Transportable Testing Tool (BAT3). U.S. Geological Survey Open\u2010File Report Reston Virginia: USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20071134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","unstructured":"Shapiro A.M.2004. Borehole Testing System. U. S. Patent. 6 761 062 B2 filed December 6 2000. Issued December 6 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/171GM15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","unstructured":"Shapiro A.M. C.R.Tiedeman P.A.Hsieh andD.J.Goode.2017b. Groundwater tracing experiments conducted in the mudstone aquifer underlying the former Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton NJ (2007\u20102008). U.S. Geological Survey data release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F7Q81B80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","article-title":"Bioaugmentation in fractured rock: 2. Evaluating the mobilization of chloroethene compounds","author":"Shapiro A.M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2005.0087.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7061(90)90016-3","article-title":"The Laplace transform Galerkin technique for efficient time\u2010continuous solutions of solute transport in double\u2010porosity media","author":"Sudicky E.A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geoderma 46"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"Tiedeman C.R. P.A.Hsieh andA.M.Shapiro.2017. MODFLOW\u20102005 and MT3DMS models used to design and evaluate a bioremediation experiment at the former Naval Air Warfare Center West Trenton NJ. U.S. Geological Survey data release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F71J97XV"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2009.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2011.01392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.2009. National primary drinking water regulations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 816\u2010F\u201009\u2010004 6 p. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","unstructured":"1996 W.W. Wood A.M. Shapiro P.A. Hsieh T.B. Councell D.W. Morganwalp D.A. Aronson Observational experimental and inferred evidence for solute diffusion in fractured granite aquifers: Examples from the Mirror Lake Watershed Grafton County New Hampshire 167 170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","unstructured":"Zheng C. andP.P.Wang.1999. MT3DMS: A modular three\u2010dimensional multi\u2010species transport model for simulation of advection dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems. Documentation and user's guide. Contract report SERDP-99\u20101 169 p. Vicksburg Mississippi: U.S. Army Engineer Rsearch and Development Center."}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12585","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12585","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:58:29Z","timestamp":1762077509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.12585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.12585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.12585","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-467X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]}}}