{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:12:20Z","timestamp":1774415540183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aramco Research Center, Aramco Services Company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional (3D) printing is capable of transforming intricate digital models into tangible objects, allowing geoscientists to replicate the geometry of 3D pore networks of sedimentary rocks. We provide a refined method for building scalable pore\u2010network models (\u201cproxies\u201d) using stereolithography 3D printing that can be used in repeated flow experiments (e.g., core flooding, permeametry, porosimetry). Typically, this workflow involves two steps, model design and 3D printing. In this study, we explore how the addition of post\u2010processing and validation can reduce uncertainty in the 3D\u2010printed proxy accuracy (difference of proxy geometry from the digital model). Post\u2010processing is a multi\u2010step cleaning of porous proxies involving pressurized ethanol flushing and oven drying. Proxies are validated by: (1) helium porosimetry and (2) digital measurements of porosity from thin\u2010section images of 3D\u2010printed proxies. 3D printer resolution was determined by measuring the smallest open channel in 3D\u2010printed \u201cgap test\u201d wafers. This resolution (400\u00a0\u00b5m) was insufficient to build porosity of Fontainebleau sandstone (\u223c13%) from computed tomography data at the sample's natural scale, so proxies were printed at 15\u2010, 23\u2010, and 30\u2010fold magnifications to validate the workflow. Helium porosities of the 3D\u2010printed proxies differed from digital calculations by up to 7% points. Results improved after pressurized flushing with ethanol (e.g., porosity difference reduced to \u223c1% point), though uncertainties remain regarding the nature of sub\u2010micron \u201cartifact\u201d pores imparted by the 3D printing process. This study shows the benefits of including post\u2010processing and validation in any workflow to produce porous rock proxies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1506609759000},"page":"482-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Using Resin\u2010Based 3D Printing to Build Geometrically Accurate Proxies of Porous Sedimentary Rocks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Sergey","family":"Ishutov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Iowa State University  Ames IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franciszek J.","family":"Hasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Iowa State University  Ames IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aramco Services Company, Aramco Research Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Agar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aramco Services Company, Aramco Research Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"808","volume-title":"Physical Chemistry of Surfaces","author":"Adamson A.W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2014.08.0111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0294(01)00084-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Karst from Recent to Reservoirs, Special Publication 14","author":"Florea L.J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guice K. 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