{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1790607209977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41572223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41572223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Subsurface K\u2010rich brines are important mineral resources for fertilizer production while the evolution of such brines is poorly documented. In the Sichuan Basin in southwest China, they are found mainly in the Middle and Lower Triassic marine carbonate aquifers. Total dissolved solids of the brines range from 176 to 378 g\/L and K concentrations, from 1.9 to 53.3 g\/L. We found that the brines are mainly of Cl\u2010Na type, while Ba is absent in the brines. Comparison of the brine samples with both the trajectories of ions and the newly proposed trajectories of ion ratios of evaporated seawater suggests that the brines are enriched in Ca, Sr, Li, and I, depleted in SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Mg, and neither enriched nor depleted in Cl and Na. These brines underwent four evolutionary periods: (1) deposition of marine rocks, (2) deposition of continental clastics, (3) tectonic deformation, and (4) rock erosion. Precipitation of salt minerals, dolomitization, sulfate reduction, and recrystallization during the first two periods are responsible for the enrichment and depletion of the chemical constituents of the brines. Extremely high K concentrations in two wells, both tapping the Middle Triassic Leikoupo carbonate aquifers, are attributed to the subsurface dissolution of potash salts during the migration of the brines to the anticlines formed during the third period in the Paleogene age. Saline and salty springs emanate from the outcropping carbonates in the river valleys in some anticlines in the eastern basin due to incongruent dissolution of the salt\u2010bearing carbonates during the fourth period.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T11:12:47Z","timestamp":1536232367000},"page":"832-843","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evolution of the Subsurface K\u2010Rich Brines in the Triassic Carbonates in the Sichuan Basin of China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Xun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"},{"name":"MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering Qingdao University  Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao Shandong 266071 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"},{"name":"Beijing Guodaotong Highway Design &amp; Research Institute CO., LTD  Huaibaishuhou Street 23, Beijing 100053 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"},{"name":"Education Centre of Jiangxi Geological Exploration Bureau  Nanchang Jiangxi 330030 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changlong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"},{"name":"Songliao Water Resources Commission (SWRC)  No. 4188 Jiefang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing)  Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subsurface Insights  Hanover NH 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(86)90128-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2705-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-3022-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Origin and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins","volume":"79","author":"Carpenter A.B.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Sequence of salt separation and regularity of some trace elements distribution during isotheral evaporation (25\u00b0C) of the Huanghai seawater","volume":"20","author":"Chen Y.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Geologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(96)00143-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Hydrochemical anomaly and resources evaluation of the oil field brines in the typical area of the western Qaidam Basin","volume":"15","author":"Fan Q.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Salt Lake Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Fisher R.S. andW.R.Kreitler.1987.Origin and evolution of deep\u2010basin brines Palo Duro Basin Texas. The University of Texas at Austin Report of Investigations No. 166. Austin Texas: Bureau of Economic Geology."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(93)90069-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(93)90068-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin","author":"Guo Z.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2012.10.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Hydrochemical characteristics, origin and evolution of the subsurface brines in western Qaidam Basin","volume":"27","author":"Han J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosicence"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-8172(94)90007-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Triassic potash deposits in China: An example from the Sichuan Basin","volume":"18","author":"Huang J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Geochemical characteristics of the deep formation brines in the Leikoupo formation of middle Triassic in Sichuan Province","volume":"15","author":"Huang S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Sedimentologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-42225-5.50013-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.06.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resource advantages of the underground brines of the Sichuan Basin and the outlook of their comprehensive exploitation","volume":"14","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Salt Lake Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the hydrogeological conditions of groundwater in the Triassic system of Sichuan Basin","volume":"14","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Salt Lake Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Geochemical characteristics of potassium\u2010rich brine in the middle Triassic Chengdu salt basin of the Sichuan Basin and its prospects for brine tapping","volume":"24","author":"Lin Y.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geology of Chemical Minerals"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Experimental study of 25\u00b0C isothermal evaporation of seawater from the South China Sea","volume":"30","author":"Li Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scientia Geologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"A Study of the Evaluation of Deep Formation Brine Resources","author":"Li C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(91)90306-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-8123.2011.00353.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Characteristics and formation of potassium\u2010bearing brines in the deeper strata in the Jiangling depression in Hubei Province","volume":"33","author":"Pan Y.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geology of Chemical Minerals"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.05.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The relationship of brine chemistry of the Pennsylvanian Paradox Evaporite Basin (south western USA) to secular variation in seawater chemistry","volume":"56","author":"Petrychenko O.Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geological Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Richter B.C. andC.W.Kreitler.1986. Geochemistry of salt\u2010spring and shallow subsurface brines in the Rolling Plain of Texas and Southwestern Oklahoma. Report of Investigations No. 155. Austin Texas: The University of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016702912130058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"Song Z. T.Xu Z.Xiao S.Xiong andD.Wang.1986. Characteristics and formation of the K\u2010rich brines in the C25 well in the Xuanhan area of northeast Sichuan (in Chinese). Report 65-20-2-2. Zigong: Second Geological Team of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Sichuan Province."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","volume-title":"Tectonic Evolution and Oil and Gas Occurrence of the Sichuan Basin","author":"Tong C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2927(93)90058-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"Xu T. E.Xu andJ.Su.1989. A study of the occurrence and hydrochemical characteristics of the brines in the Sichuan Basin (in Chinese). Report 86008-04-02. 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