{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:19:36Z","timestamp":1790626776391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41472212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41472212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Remediation of the sites contaminated with organic contaminants, such as chlorobenzenes, remains a challenging issue. Electroosmotic flushing can be a promising approach which is based on mechanism of electrokinetic remediation for removal of organic contaminants from fluids in low\u2010permeability soil. To select an optimum surfactant that can effectively enhance electroosmotic flushing, three common surfactants, Triton X\u2010100 (EK2), Tween 80 (EK3), and a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X\u2010100 (EK4) buffered with Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    HPO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/NaH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    solution, were tested. The efficiency of each kind of surfactant was evaluated using a three\u2010dimensional box filled with a clayey soil spiked with 1,2,4\u2010trichlorobenzene, and compared with a test (EK1) without surfactant. The results demonstrated that the buffer solutions efficiently neutralized H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and OH\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    produced by electrolysis. EK3 with Tween 80 added in the flushing solution reached the highest electroosmotic permeability of 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/v\/s and achieved a notably high cumulative electroosmotic flow (EOF) of 5067\u2009mL within 6\u00a0d, which was 6.3, 3.4, and 4.2 times higher than that in EK1, EK2, and EK4, respectively. There were 420\u2009mL more cumulative EOF obtained after 50\u2009h of electrical application in EK4 than in EK2. The introduction of nonreactive ions can increase the current, thereby benefiting the EOF. Both the higher pH caused by the buffer and the application of nonionic surfactants can make the zeta potential more negative, thereby increasing the EOF. Tween 80 can be recommended as the best flushing solution for removing organic contaminants from sites when electrokinetic remediation is applied.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T12:58:31Z","timestamp":1515589111000},"page":"673-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Surfactant\u2010Enhanced Electroosmotic Flushing in a Trichlorobenzene Contaminated Clayey Soil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University  Nanjing 210023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University  Nanjing 210023 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)  Tsukuba 305\u20108567 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