{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:04:56Z","timestamp":1767164696452,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Kalman filter is an efficient data assimilation tool to refine an estimate of a state variable using measured data and the variable's correlations in space and\/or time. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) (Evensen 2004, 2009) is a Kalman filter variant that employs Monte Carlo analysis to define the correlations that help to refine the updated state. While use of EnKF in hydrology is somewhat limited, it has been successfully applied in other fields of engineering (e.g., oil reservoir modeling, weather forecasting). Here, EnKF is used to refine a simulated groundwater tetrachloroethylene (TCE) plume that underlies the Tooele Army Depot\u2010North (TEAD\u2010N) in Utah, based on observations of TCE in the aquifer. The resulting EnKF\u2010based assimilated plume is simulated forward in time to predict future plume migration. The correlations that underpin EnKF updating implicitly contain information about how the plume developed over time under the influence of complex site hydrology and variable source history, as they are predicated on multiple realizations of a well\u2010calibrated numerical groundwater flow and transport model. The EnKF methodology is compared to an ordinary kriging\u2010based assimilation method with respect to the accurate representation of plume concentrations in order to determine the relative efficacy of EnKF for water quality data assimilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T05:12:56Z","timestamp":1523941976000},"page":"571-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Ensemble Kalman Filter for Groundwater Plume Characterization: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"James L.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tetra Tech, Inc.  1165 Sanctuary Parkway, Alpharetta GA, 30009"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"C Tech.2017. Products: MVS.https:\/\/www.ctech.com\/products\/mvsevs\u2010product\u2010suite\/mvs\/(accessed February 13 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2005.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2006.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Eaton J.W.2016. About Octave.https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/octave\/about.html(accessed December 15 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-004-0099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03711-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"History matching of the PUNQ\u2010S3 reservoir modeling using the ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"10","author":"Gu Y.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2134735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"HEC & Tetra Tech.2015. Tooele Army depot groundwater flow and contaminant transport model (2015). Project Report PR\u201095 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u2010 Hydrologic Engineering Center 119 pp."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"W09408","article-title":"Real\u2010time groundwater flow modeling with the ensemble Kalman filter: Joint estimation of states and parameters and the filter inbreeding problem","volume":"44","author":"Hendrick Franssen H.J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resources Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"PEST, Model\u2010Independent Parameter Estimation User Manual Part I: PEST, SENSAN, and Global Optimizers","author":"Watermark Numerical Computing","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Real\u2010time reservoir model updating using ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"11","author":"Wen X.\u2010H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal"}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fgwat.12786","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12786","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/gwat.12786","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.12786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T13:34:57Z","timestamp":1762090497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.12786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"references-count":13,"aliases":["10.1111\/gwat.12670"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.12786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.12786","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-467X","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}