{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:00:05Z","timestamp":1769162405360,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are low\u2010carbon alternatives to gas boilers for decarbonizing heating. Open\u2010loop GSHP systems abstract groundwater, pass it through a heat exchanger, and return it to ground or surface water. Groundwater samples from the top and base of an abstraction and a recharge borehole of an open\u2010loop GSHP system in Cardiff, UK were assessed, and compared to two local boreholes in the same aquifer. Groundwater samples were taken when the GSHP system was active (once) and inactive (twice) and analyzed for changes in geochemistry, viable cell counts, and microbial community (16S rRNA gene sequencing). The GSHP had a distinct geochemistry and microbial community compared to the control boreholes, and the abstraction borehole showed greater variability than the recharge borehole. The microbial community of the GSHP system showed an increase in relative abundance of genera involved in oxidation of methane and methylated compounds, of which\n                    <jats:italic>Methylotenera<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most abundant (up to 83.9% of 16S rRNA gene sequences). There were also changes in genera associated with nitrification (\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and those with potential for sulfur and iron cycling (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodoferax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Methane concentration was analyzed after identification of methylotrophs and found that methane concentrations were up to 2855\u2009\u03bcg\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , thus likely having had a significant impact on the bacterial communities present. Understanding the microbiology and biogeochemistry of GSHP systems provides insight into potential issues with local infrastructure and long\u2010term system performance, and supports modeling to maximize efficient and sustainable use of the subsurface.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.13291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T08:53:53Z","timestamp":1673859233000},"page":"274-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Groundwater Microbiology of an Urban Open\u2010Loop Ground Source Heat Pump with High Methane"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"J. Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"J. Farr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey Cardiff University  Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Exoplanet Science University of St Andrews  St Andrews KY16 9AL UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey  Keyworth, Nicker Hill Nottingham NG12 5GG UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118960608.gbm02021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(03)00063-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Heat and Buildings Strategy","author":"BEIS, E. 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