{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1762072017780,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Numerical modeling of the recovery of moisture by injecting warm air in the unsaturated zone in a 100\u2009m\u2009\u00d7\u2009100\u2009m plot of agricultural land in Kuwait, a country located in an arid environment, was conducted to provide \u201cproof of concept\u201d of the technique. If technically and economically feasible, it will be a potential additional source of water that could be exploited for farming activities and other uses. The COMSOL software was used to develop the model and, based on the results of the scenario runs, the effects of different hydraulic and operational parameters, including that of well spacing, on moisture recovery were assessed. In general, the results suggested that the recovery should increase with the increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone, the amount of heat input, and the pressure differential between the unsaturated zone and the well head. Within the period examined (0 to 11\u2009days), the recovery decreases with the increase in the soil moisture content, possibly due to the fall in relative permeability to moisture\u2010rich air with the increased water contents in the pore spaces, although the effects may change over a longer period as water contents decrease with moisture recovery. The moisture recovery from the unsaturated zone through the injection of warm air appears to be a feasible proposition from this study that should be demonstrated through a pilot scale experiment in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.13436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:04:58Z","timestamp":1722848698000},"page":"116-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Modeling of Recovery of Moisture from the Unsaturated Zone: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amitabha","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"House No. AL\u20105, Vedic Village, P.O.: Bagu, North 24 Parganas  West Bengal 700135 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Akber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research  PO Box 24885 13109 Safat Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harish","family":"Bhandary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Baker R.S. J.C.Lachance andG.Heron.2006.Application of Thermal Remediation Techniques for In\u2010Situ Treatment of Contaminated Soil and Water. NATO Advanced Research Workshop Athens Greece June 8\u20139."},{"volume-title":"Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds","year":"2004","author":"Baker R.S.","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Bhat N.R. M.Albaho G.Maheshwari Y.Al\u2010Hadban andS.Bou\u2010Hamad.2009.Establishment of Self\u2010Reliant Sustainable Protected Environment Food Production System in Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait. Unpublished proposal."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Bhat N.R. M.Albaho H.Al\u2010Mazidi S.Omar R.K.Suri andG.Maheshwari.2002.Integrated Research Program for the Development of Sustainable Protected Agriculture in Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Unpublished proposal."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Campen J. andS.Bakker.2012.Optimal Greenhouse Design for Kuwaiti Conditions and Development of Research Facilities at KISR. Consultant Report. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943\u20105606.0002660"},{"volume-title":"COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual","year":"2022","author":"COMSOL","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Advanced Soil Mechanics","year":"2008","author":"Das B.M.","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Galligan J. D.Rentschler G.Crisp andG.Heron.2012.Treatment of vapors from in situ thermal remediation: Selecting the best option and operating it properly. In:Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds\u20142012; T.C. Fox and H.V. Rectanus (Chairs). Eighth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds Monterey CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201051405\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.11.P.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Hamdhan I.N. andClarke B.G.2010.Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Coarse and Fine Sand Soils Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali Indonesia 25\u201329 April 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"46204","volume-title":"Technical Guidance Document: In\u2010Situ Thermal Remediation","author":"IDEM","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8874919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Loo W.W. andM.Y.Luk.2015.Economical New Water Sources for World Urban Centers. Paper presented at the 2ndInternational Conference on Sustainable Urbanization Hong Kong China January 7\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Lukman S. andM.S.Al\u2010Suwaiyan.2013.Modeling of Contaminant Transport in Porous Media under Fluctuating Water Table Condition Using COMSOL Multiphysics\u00ae Platform. Presented in the 23rd Annual International Conference on Soil Water Energy and Air\u00a0\u2013\u00a0AEHS West Coast Conference Marriott Mission Valley San Diego California USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943\u20105606.0002425"},{"volume-title":"Hazardous & Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook","year":"2001","author":"Stegemeier G.L.","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"USACE.2014.Environmental Quality\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Design: In\u2010Situ Thermal Remediation EM\u2010200\u20101\u201021. United States Army Corps of Engineers Washington DC\u201020314\u20101000."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2016.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Whetsler B.2020.A Groundwater Model of the San Luis Obispo Valley Basin Using Comsol Multiphysics. Master thesis Environmental Science and Management Faculty of California Polytechnic State University."}],"container-title":["Groundwater"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gwat.13436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:23:19Z","timestamp":1762071799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/gwat.13436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/gwat.13436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwat.13436","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-467X","1745-6584"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-467X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1745-6584"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}