{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T11:54:34Z","timestamp":1788609274217,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Our recent steady\u2010state mass\u2010balance modeling suggests that most global carbonic\u2010acid weathering of silicate rocks occurs in the vadose zone of aquifer systems not on the surface by atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . That is, the weathering solute flux is nearly equal to the total global continental riverine carbon flux, signifying little atmospheric weathering by carbonic acid. This finding challenges previous carbon models that utilize silicate weathering as a control of atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels. A robust analysis utilizing global estimates of groundwater carbon concentration generated by a geospatial machine learning algorithm was coupled with recharge flux in a geographic information system environment to yield a total global groundwater carbon flux of between 0.87 and 0.96 Pg C\/year to the surface environment. On discharging to the surface, the carbon is speciated between 0.01 and 0.11 Pg C\/year as CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; 0.35 and 0.38 Pg C\/year as CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    gas; and 0.49 and 0.51 Pg C\/year as dissolved HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This total weathering carbon flux was calculated for direct ocean discharge (0.030 Pg C\/year); endorheic basins (0.046 Pg C\/year); cold\u2010wet exorheic basins (0.058\u00a0Pg\u00a0C\/year); warm\u2010dry exorheic basins (0.072 Pg C\/year); cold\u2010dry exorheic basins (0.115 Pg C\/year); and warm\u2010wet exorheic basins (0.448 Pg C\/year).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.13457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:36:12Z","timestamp":1734593772000},"page":"14-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global Groundwater Carbon Mass Flux and the Myth of Atmospheric Weathering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren W.","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward E.","family":"Sanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mail Stop 432, U.S. Geological Survey  12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston VA 20192"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morwick G360 Institute for Groundwater Research, University of Guelph  50 Stone Road East, Thornbrough Building Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren T.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafloor Science Branch, US Naval Research Laboratory, NRL Code 7432, Stennis Space Center  Hancock County MS 39529"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR024435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.301.2.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.283.7.641"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add2922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR000172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk0957"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512651112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21083\/978-1-77470-016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2004.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(96)00048-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010006\u20109013\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1525\u20107541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20442041.2017.1412918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78356-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561\u2010018\u20100245\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).2020.ARC\u2010GIS Desktop version 10.8 Redlands California."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GC009574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"928","volume-title":"Isotope Principle and Applications","author":"Faure G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd\u201014\u20104811\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00531\u2010002\u20100263\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hem J. 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