{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:24:50Z","timestamp":1791876290328,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Ar method is valuable for studying legacy nitrate and denitrification progress in groundwater systems. It uses dissolved N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Ar concentrations to calculate the amount of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    originating from denitrification (excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Successfully applying the method requires accurate values of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Ar concentrations. Therefore, avoiding degassing and atmospheric contamination during groundwater sampling is crucial for reliable results. In this study, we focus on the effect of sampling devices on N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , Ar, and the resulting excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. To evaluate this effect over a wide concentration range, we sampled 14 observation wells. One sample was collected using a submersible pump and another using a bladder pump. Furthermore, we collected multiple samples with both pumps at a fifteenth site to assess reproducibility. Additionally, we used a point\u2010source bailer for sampling at this site. The major ion concentrations show that the sampling device does not significantly influence the sample chemistry. In contrast, the measured N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , Ar, and calculated excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations significantly differ between the sampling devices. Overall, the samples collected with the submersible pump show the highest N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Ar concentrations, resulting in the highest excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Ar concentrations of the bladder pump samples are lower, resulting in lower excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. The bailer samples show lower N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    but similar Ar concentrations to the submersible pump samples, leading to the lowest excess\u2010N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. We conclude that a submersible pump is practical and suitable for collecting groundwater samples to assess denitrification by the N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Ar method.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T12:21:22Z","timestamp":1769689282000},"page":"235-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing Groundwater Sampling Devices for Denitrification Assessment Using the\n                    <scp>\n                      N\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \/Ar Method"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4402-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Fahrenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9602-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"R\u00fcde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Institute of Hydrogeology  Lochnerstr. 4\u201020 52064 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20106592.1984.tb00880.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv30pnvjd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20101694(98)00142\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010001\u20100183\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4211\/hs.42aec34687374fbbafa8e1b4ad907940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20106592.1994.tb00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20101694(81)90070\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helsel D.R. 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