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Here we present the first marine electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) characterization of PSGD along the northwestern Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and evaluate marine ERT across contrasting settings to detect and characterize PSGD conduits and the confining coastal aquitard under field conditions. Four dipole\u2013dipole ERT profiles span an intact coastal aquitard on land (Sisal), a coastal lagoon perforated by PSGD (Dzul\u2010Ha), and their offshore equivalents near the Xbuya\u2010Ha vent. On land, a laterally continuous resistive horizon at \u22125 to \u22129 masl overlies low\u2010resistivity units that host saline groundwater and is interpreted as a cemented coastal aquitard that confines the aquifer. Beneath Dzul\u2010Ha, the inversion images an elongated conductive chimney that cross\u2010cuts this horizon and coincides with the mapped PSGD. Seabed profiles near Xbuya\u2010Ha resolve discrete resistive bodies embedded in a conductive matrix at the main and secondary PSGDs. Forward modeling shows that conduits remain detectable even when the salinity contrast generated by freshwater discharge is weak; however, anomaly amplitudes decrease with increasing sea\u2010floor depth, following an exponential decay with a characteristic depth of ~8\u2009m. Together, these results provide a resistivity\u2010based framework for combining tracers and flow models to quantify PSGD fluxes. Because the study targets vigorous PSGD under favorable electrical contrasts, these performance estimates represent an upper bound and clarify the limits of marine ERT for detecting PSGD in comparable karstic coasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:53:02Z","timestamp":1777301582000},"page":"405-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Imaging Point Source Groundwater Discharges in a Confined Coastal Aquifer Using Electrical Resistivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2587-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Nicol\u00e1s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICESE Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 107 Carretera Tijuana\u2010Ensenada  Baja California 22680 M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0628-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Huitzilt\u2010Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)  Coyoac\u00e1n 04510 Ciudad de M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICESE Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 107 Carretera Tijuana\u2010Ensenada  Baja California 22680 M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"SECIHTI\u2014Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education Geology Department, Carretera Ensenada Tijuana #3918 Zona Playitas  CP: 22860 Baja California M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Currently at Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos  Cuernavaca Morelos M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Pacheco\u2010Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Currently at Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos  Cuernavaca Morelos M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ingenier\u00eda y Procesos Costeros, Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Puerto de Abrigo S\/N Sisal 97355 M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera  Sisal 97355 Mexico"},{"name":"Investigadoras e Investigadores por M\u00e9xico, SECIHTI  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICESE Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 107 Carretera Tijuana\u2010Ensenada  Baja California 22680 M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ingenier\u00eda y Procesos Costeros, Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Puerto de Abrigo S\/N Sisal 97355 M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera  Sisal 97355 Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Earth Imager Instruction Manual","author":"Advanced Geosciences, Inc","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010019\u201002016\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010010\u20100699\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53802-4.00192-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108685955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2020.104423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Bonne Pioche dir.2020.Les C\u00e9notes du mexique\/ Arte (Documentaire 45\u2032). 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