{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:30Z","timestamp":1790089410401,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2021\u201068012\u201035914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\u201068012\u201035914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Groundwater"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The availability of 20,000 line\u2010kilometers of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data and the digitization of driller's logs across the Central Valley of California enables the transformation of AEM measurements of electrical resistivity into sediment type descriptions. A critical challenge is establishing the rock physics transform that relates resistivity to sediment type. Two approaches have been applied in the Central Valley; they differ in the model used to link resistivity to sediment type and in the level of confidence placed in the information in the driller's logs, with the latter determining the level of spatial heterogeneity allowed in the transform parameters. We developed a new methodology that builds on the strengths of each approach. Applied in the Kaweah Subbasin in California, we used resistivity profiles derived from AEM data, sediment type descriptions from driller's logs, and water level data from wells. The methodology incorporates the physics of the AEM measurement and solves for transform parameters with a scale of spatial variability determined through an adjustable hyperparameter that accounts for the presumed quality of the driller's logs. The derived transform was applied to all resistivity data from the AEM survey in the subbasin to generate a model of sediment type. When we compare our model with those generated using established methods, we conclude that incorporating the physics of the measurement provides more accurate estimates of the percentage of coarse\u2010grained materials, and that spatial variability in the transform should be accommodated in a way that reflects the quality of the driller's logs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:27:26Z","timestamp":1790087246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Approach to Transforming Airborne Electromagnetic Data into Models of Sediment Type"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2677-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Prentice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics Department Stanford University  Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics Department Stanford University  Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kitanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Stanford University  Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/EG13097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartow J. A.1991.The Cenozoic evolution of the San Joaquin Valley California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"CA DWR.2024.Basin characterization program.https:\/\/water.ca.gov\/Programs\/Groundwater\u2010Management\/Bulletin\u2010118\/Basin\u2010Characterization(accessed February 9 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"CA DWR.2023.Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys.https:\/\/water.ca.gov\/Programs\/Groundwater\u2010Management\/Data\u2010and\u2010Tools\/AEM(accessed December 27 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"California Natural Resources Agency.2023.DWR airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys data\u2014Survey area 4\u2014AEM data\u2014PROVISIONAL\u2014California Natural Resources Agency open data.https:\/\/data.cnra.ca.gov\/dataset\/aem\/resource\/c282ee67\u2010de22\u201045df\u20109293\u2010b6478c9d3b24(accessed February 9 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"California Natural Resources Agency Open Data.2023.DWR airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys data\u2014Texture interpretation (coarse fraction) depth slices and shallow subsurface average maps.https:\/\/data.cnra.ca.gov\/dataset\/aem\/resource\/0952506a\u20101ad8\u20104c04\u20109372\u2010ded45148e6a6(accessed February 9 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasec.2022.100111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL096100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08123985.2019.1646098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201036153\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010009\u20100539\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess\u201018\u20104349\u20102014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"2022 First Amended Groundwater Sustainability Plan","author":"GEI Consultants","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vzj2.20131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1873\u20100604.2014044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2023.105039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040\u2010022\u201002590\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024EA003958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR031439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021WR029699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1190\/1.9781560801719.ch3","volume-title":"Near\u2010Surface Geophysics","author":"Knight R.J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.qsa.2021.100026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrie K. 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