{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:29:04Z","timestamp":1793644144351,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Haemophilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital plasminogen deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition. Plasminogen deficiency is thought to result in an inability of fibrin breakdown and therefore accumulation of fibrin and formation of ligneous changes. Ligneous lesions can form on a number of mucosal membranes including the cervix and endometrium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report the case of a 25\u2010year\u2010old woman with type 1 plasminogen deficiency with ligneous cervicitis and endometritis and her treatment and clinical course over the last few years. We then review the current literature of ligneous cases of the female genital tract and discuss available treatment options.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 30 reported cases of ligneous lesions affecting the female genital tract, with the cervix being the most affected part. A number of treatment options have been tried by our patient and other cases in the literature. These include use of the combined oral contraceptive pill, fresh frozen plasma infusion, topical plasmin and plasminogen and trial use of plasminogen concentrate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a chronic condition requiring a multidisciplinary approach. There is currently no definitive treatment for the condition, current trials with plasminogen concentrate replacement therapy may provide a promising option for these patients in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.13418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T05:05:49Z","timestamp":1518498349000},"page":"359-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ligneous cervicitis and endometritis: A gynaecological presentation of congenital plasminogen deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Baithun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Royal Free Foundation NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Freeman\u2010Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Whittington NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6690-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Chowdary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia and thrombosis Centre The Royal Free Foundation NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Kadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Royal Free Foundation NHS Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia and thrombosis Centre The Royal Free Foundation NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-12-0842"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00056-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2008.01825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-017350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02776.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200311000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-04-0233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00579.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e3283494b52"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31818754ac"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610802667211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(08)60146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000130043.59593.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2003.02131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2008.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31818f8f37"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02585.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02389.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03363-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.112158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3182625fec"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"801","article-title":"Ligneous inflammation of the cervix: a case report","volume":"50","author":"Kayikcioglu F","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Ligneous (pseudomembranous) inflammation of the female genital tract. 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