{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:51:56Z","timestamp":1780527116934,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Haemophilia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Factor (F) VIII inhibitors develop in around 30% of previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe haemophilia, to a lesser extend in moderate and mild haemophilia A and in up to 10% in severe haemophilia B. Diagnostic challenges and questions remain including access to high quality testing, the role for functional inhibitor testing and binding antibody testing, and the adaptations needed in the presence of non\u2010factor replacement therapy. Despite significant gains in knowledge there are still many unanswered questions underlying the immunologic mechanisms of inhibitor development and tolerance. Therapeutic options include eradication of inhibitors using immune tolerance induction therapy (ITI), prophylaxis with bypassing agents (i.e., recombinant activated factor VII \/rFVIIa or activated prothrombin complex concentrate\/aPCC) or non\u2010factor replacement therapies (e.g., emicizumab) and treatment of bleeds or coverage of surgeries\/invasive procedure. Recently a haemophilia centre capacity building program was launched in China to further develop the infrastructure and support needed to improve the diagnosis of haemophilia, detection of inhibitors, and continue to improve the care of patients with haemophilia and inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.14553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1651817228000},"page":"111-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inhibitors: Diagnostic challenges, unknowns of inhibitor development, treatment of bleeding and surgery, and insights into diagnosis and treatment in China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Escuriola Ettingshausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HZRM Hemophilia Center Rhine\u2010Main Frankfurt\u2010M\u00f6rfelden  M\u00f6rfelden\u2010Walldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renchi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases Institute of Hematology &amp; Blood Diseases Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenman","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Meeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.14046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-457036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-32664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","author":"MaG C","journal-title":"J. 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