{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:04:45Z","timestamp":1790946285795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hemodialysis International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The major salivary glands can be stimulated by chewing gum to increase saliva flow and decrease xerostomia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chewing gum on dry mouth, interdialytic weight gain, and intradialytic symptoms in hemodialysis (HD) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective randomized controlled single\u2010blind study was conducted with patients who had been treated for at least 6\u2009months with sessions 3\u2009days a week for 4\u2009hours at two HD units. Patients were randomly allocated to chewing gum group or the control group. In the chewing gum group, gum was chewed for 10 minutes six times a day, and when the patients felt mouth dryness or were thirsty. In the nonchewing gum group, gum was not chewed. The patients were followed\u2010up for 3\u2009months. A total of three saliva samples were taken before starting treatment at the first, 12th, and 36th HD session. Data were collected with the \u201cVisual Analogue Scale (VAS),\u201d \u201cHemodialysis Patients Fluid Control Scale,\u201d \u201cDialysis Symptom Index,\u201d and \u201cHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\u201d at baseline, week 4, week 8, and week 12.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was completed with a total of 44 patients consisting of 22 patients in the each group. The second and third month VAS values (xerostomia) of the patients in the chewing gum groups were statistically significantly lower than those in the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). The third month salivary flow rate in the chewing gum group was higher than the values in the control group patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is anticipated that this study will raise nurses' awareness of dry mouth and encourage future studies on interventions to increase the salivary flow rate to prevent or treat dry mouth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T02:51:43Z","timestamp":1601434303000},"page":"94-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The effect of chewing gum on dry mouth, interdialytic weight gain, and intradialytic symptoms: A prospective, randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurten","family":"Ozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Hospital School of Nursing Demiroglu Bilim University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Aydin Sayilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department Kirklareli University School of Health Science  K\u0131rklareli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Mut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, Kirklareli State Hospital  Kirklareli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samet","family":"Sayilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kirklareli State Hospital  Kirklareli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Avcioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality Management Unit, L\u00fcleburgaz State Hospital  Kirklareli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursen","family":"Kulakac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science Gumushane University  G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tevfik","family":"Ecder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Demiroglu Bilim University  \u0130stanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neriman","family":"Akyolcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences, Istinye University  \u0130stanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12821"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000309"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01864"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NUR.0000000000000234"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216305pm1009oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"10","author":"Said H","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Investigating the effect of sugar\u2010free candies on the intensity of thirst and dry mouth in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"9","author":"Dehghanmehr S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355717"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0353"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.280303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260369"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Saliva\u2014Salivary gland hypofunction (SGH). 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