{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:48:49Z","timestamp":1791848929858,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hemodialysis International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydrophilic modification with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) increases the biocompatibility profile of synthetic dialysis membranes. However, PVP may be eluted into the patient's blood, which has been discussed as a possible cause for adverse reactions rarely occurring with synthetic membranes. We investigated the content of PVP and its elution from the blood\u2010side surface from commercially available dialyzers, including the novel FX CorAL, with PVP\u2010enriched and \u03b1\u2010tocopherol\u2010stabilized membrane, and link the results to the level of platelet loss during dialysis as a maker of biocompatibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six synthetic, PVP containing, dialyzers (FX CorAL, FX CorDiax [Fresenius Medical Care]; Polyflux, THERANOVA [Baxter]; ELISIO [Nipro]; xevonta [B. Braun]) were investigated in the present study. The content of PVP on blood\u2010side surface was determined with X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The amount of elutable PVP was measured photometrically after 5\u00a0h recirculation. The level of platelet loss was evaluated in an ex vivo recirculation model with human blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highest PVP content on the blood\u2010side surface was found for the polysulfone\u2010based FX CorAL (26.3%), while the polyethersulfone\u2010based THERANOVA (15.6%) had the lowest PVP content. Elution of PVP was highest for the autoclave steam\u2010sterilized THERANOVA (9.1\u00a0mg\/1.6\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> dialyzer) and Polyflux (9.0\u00a0mg\/1.6\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> dialyzer), while the lowest PVP elution was found for the INLINE steam sterilized FX CorAL and FX CorDiax (&lt;0.5\u00a0mg\/1.6\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> dialyzer, for both). Highest platelet loss was found for xevonta (+164.4% compared to the reference) and the lowest for the FX CorAL (\u2212225.2%) among the polysulfone\u2010based dialyzers; among the polyethersulfone\u2010based dialyzers, THERANOVA (+95.5%) had the highest and ELISIO (\u221252.1%) the lowest platelet loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polyvinylpyrrolidone content and elution differ between commercially available dialyzers and were found to be linked to the membrane material and sterilization method. The amount of non\u2010eluted PVP on the blood\u2010side surface may be an important determinant for the biocompatibility of dialyzers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T13:55:05Z","timestamp":1622814905000},"page":"498-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Polyvinylpyrrolidone in hemodialysis membranes: Impact on platelet loss during hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9353-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Zawada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development, Product Engineering Center Dialyzers &amp; Membranes, Product Development Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH  Sankt Wendel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development, Product Engineering Center Dialyzers &amp; Membranes, Product Development Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH  Sankt Wendel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Erlenk\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development, Product Engineering Center Dialyzers &amp; Membranes, Biosciences\u2014Biotechnology Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH  Sankt Wendel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Delinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development, Product Engineering Center Dialyzers &amp; Membranes, Product Development Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH  Sankt Wendel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Stauss\u2010Grabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Office, Clinical and Epidemiological Research Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH  Bad Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research and Development, Product Engineering Center Dialyzers &amp; 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