{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:38:34Z","timestamp":1764333514544,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hemodialysis International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study aimed to investigate the associations between vitamin D levels and clinical parameters with the risk of COVID\u201019 infection, severity, and mortality in hemodialysis patients with end\u2010stage kidney disease (ESKD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 198 hemodialysis patients from a single center. Vitamin D deficiency was defined by the last measurement of 25\u2010hydroxycholecalciferol less than 20\u2009ng\/mL. Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplements were combined to categorize patients into three groups: deficiency, uncertain deficiency, and likely sufficient. COVID\u201019 infection status, severity, and outcomes were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the associations between vitamin D levels and COVID\u201019 severity and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 198 patients, 73 patients (37%) were in the deficiency group, 29 patients (15%) had uncertain deficiency, and 96 patients (48%) were likely sufficient. The overall COVID\u201019 infection rate was 59%. The deficiency group had a similar infection rate (60.3%) compared to those with likely sufficient levels (54.2%). However, the severity and mortality rates of vitamin D deficiency group had a significantly higher rate than those with likely sufficient levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency and uncertain deficiency group were significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID\u201019 severity (OR\u2009=\u200922.57, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01 and OR\u2009=\u200915.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03, respectively). Uncertain deficiency group was significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID\u201019 mortality (OR\u2009=\u200912.93, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), while the deficiency group should similarly trend but did not reach statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of COVID\u201019 severity in hemodialysis patients with ESKD. These findings suggest that monitoring and managing vitamin D levels may be important in reducing the risk of COVID\u201019 severity in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.13194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T07:41:58Z","timestamp":1734939718000},"page":"63-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of vitamin D levels and clinical parameters with <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 infection, severity and mortality in hemodialysis patients: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4924-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhua","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology Army 73rd Group Military Hospital  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Army 73rd Group Military Hospital  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Army 73rd Group Military Hospital  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Army 73rd Group Military Hospital  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Army 73rd Group Military Hospital  Xiamen 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